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Vocabulary of the Middle East 1. Dead Sea Scrolls: A collection of ancient writings found in caves near Qumran (near the Dead Sea) said to contain almost every book from the Old Testament. They were discovered between 1947 to 1956 and were made from animal skins, papyrus and copper. 2. Mesopotamia: “Land between the two rivers”—lies between the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers. This area is said to be the cradle of civilization and the Sumerian culture started here and goes back as far as 7,500 years. 3. Fertile Crescent: Crescent shaped area of land that runs along the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf encompassing the Nile, Euphrates and the Tigris Rivers. This area has fertile soil that makes growing crops easier and supports more people than the desert region around it. 4. Code of Hammurabi : The code is a series of 282 laws handed down from the god Shamash to the Emperor Hammurabi. These laws were the first set of laws given to a group of people. They all come down to this statement: “An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth”. Hammurabi ruled ancient Babylon. 5. TeNaKh: Jewish holy book that contains three parts: Torah, Nevi’im, Ketuvim. - Acronym, based on the letters T (for "Torah"), N (for "Neviim," the Prophets), and K (for "Ketuvim," the Sacred Writings). The TeNaKh is the five books of Moses, the prophets, and the sacred writings. 6. Ziggurat: Stepped towers on which temples were built in ancient Mesopotamia are known as ziggurats. They have a pyramid shaped style and the term ziggurat means “rising tower” due to its terraced (stepped) appearance. 7. Bible: The Christian holy book consisting of the Old and the New Testaments. The Old Testament is shared by both the Jews and the Christians. The Bible is the best- selling book in history. 8. Cuniform– (p. 426) means “wedge-shaped” System of writing Developed by the Sumerians more than 5,000 years ago One of the world’s first written languages First were pictographs that became more wedge-shaped Scribes used a pen that made the wedge-shaped design when Pushed into damp clay (picture, bottom page 426) 9. Judaism– (pages 111, 336, 435, 470-473, 740) Hebrew people were the first monotheists (one God) Yahweh spoke to Hebrew named Abraham Abraham followed Yahweh’s commands to move people Yahweh told Abraham that his people would become God’s Chosen people; all of Abraham’s descendants are known as Jews Religious belief is known as Judaism 10. Islam– Monotheistic religion that teaches that there is one God, Allah, The God of Abraham Less than 600 years after Christ, a man named MUHAMMAD Was born in MECCA about A.D. 570 Muhammad is the founder of Islam and is the final prophet of Islam A believer in Islam is called a Muslim. 11. Christianity – Monotheistic religion that teaches that there is one God,the God of Abraham Developed out of Judaism Based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ Believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God and was both human And Divine Believers are called Christians 12. Qur’an – (438, 635) Holy Book of Islam Contains the commands of God as revealed to Muhammad by The angel Gabriel, the angel of God Written in the sacred language of Arabic Contains 114 chapters or suras 13. Muhammad- (435, 437-438, 440-441,) The creator and final prophet of Islam Believed the angel of God, Gabriel revealed God’s wishes to Him Began preaching the Divine messages 622 A.D. is the year Muhammad escaped would-be assassins Escaped to the city of Medina 622 marks the beginning of the Muslim calendar to commemorate this important year 14. Jesus A Jewish carpenter whose life and teachings became the basis for Christianity . 15. Five Pillars of Islam Basic 5 beliefs of the Islam faith. Followers( Muslims) should work toward attaining these: Declaration of Faith in Allah Five times a day prayer facing Mecca Giving to the needy 2.5% Fasting during Ramadan Hajj- trip to Mecca during their lifetime 16. Rabbi- Leader of the Jewish worship service 17. Mosque- Islam place of worship 18. Synagogue- Jewish place of worship 19. Church- Christian place of worship 20. Prophet- Person regarded as inspired with the word of God.