Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Schistosomiasis wikipedia , lookup
Neglected tropical diseases wikipedia , lookup
Hospital-acquired infection wikipedia , lookup
Marburg virus disease wikipedia , lookup
Middle East respiratory syndrome wikipedia , lookup
Leptospirosis wikipedia , lookup
African trypanosomiasis wikipedia , lookup
Sexually transmitted infection wikipedia , lookup
Chapter 12: Prevention of Illness in Early Childhood Education Environments Through Infection Control © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning Health Policies Needed • Early childhood education environments that have detailed routines to clean and disinfect can significantly cut the number of illnesses reported because the cycle of germ transmission gets interrupted • 11 percent of all children in the United States have no health insurance © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning Health Policies for Infection Control • • • • Prevention Protection Promoting good health Implications for teachers © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning Health Policies for Infection Control (continued) • Health policies should include: – mechanisms of disease spread – immunizations – sanitation – environmental quality control – teacher’s methods and practices for minimum risk and maximum health protection © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning Mechanisms of Infectious Disease Spread • Via germs and bacteria—organisms that cause diseases • Specific child care practices that contribute to the spread of infectious disease (Table 12.1) © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning Mechanisms of Infectious Disease Spread (continued) Four mechanisms of disease spread • respiratory tract • fecal-oral • direct contact • blood © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning Mechanisms of Infectious Disease Spread (continued) • Respiratory tract transmission – Most common – Tiny droplets from eyes, mouth, and nose are in air when child sneezes, coughs, drools, or talks – Transmitted through air when another person breathes it in – They can multiply and cause illness – Hand washing is major deterrent to spread © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning Mechanisms of Infectious Disease Spread (continued) • Fecal-oral transmission – Germs from one person’s feces find their way into another person’s mouth, are swallowed, and get into the digestive system – Most common way is when hands are not washed after toileting before eating, or before preparing food – Water tables are another method – Hand washing is major deterrent to spread © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning Mechanisms of Infectious Disease Spread (continued) • Direct contact transmission – Occurs when one person has contact with secretions from an infected person – Secretions can be left on doorknobs, toys, and other objects – Also occurs with parasites, such as lice infestation occurs with contact – Good hygiene including hand washing and sanitizing are deterrents to spread © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning Mechanisms of Infectious Disease Spread (continued) • Blood contact transmission – Occurs when infected blood of one person enters bloodstream of another person – Spread occurs when infected person has cut, scraped skin, or bloody nose and person interacting with infected person has open sore, chapped hands, and the like © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning Mechanisms of Infectious Disease Spread (continued) • Blood contact transmission (continued) – Can also occur when mucous membranes come into contact with infected blood – Disposable gloves should be worn when in the presence of blood – Child-biting becomes a serious issue © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning Mechanisms of Infectious Disease Spread (continued) • Five fabulous forestallers of disease transmission – Keep immunization records up to date – Use proper hand washing – Use universal sanitation procedures for diapering – Sanitize and disinfect bathrooms and food preparation areas – Check out daily quick health check © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning Reality Check—The Issue of Head Lice in Early Childhood Education • Direct contact • Historical connotation • More children in care, happens more frequently © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning Reality Check—The Issue of Head Lice in Early Childhood Education (continued) • No-Nits Policy – Is it realistic? – Is the expertise for it present everywhere it is used? • Larger number of children who build up immunity to regular treatment – can be a frustrating experience if everything appears to have been done © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning Reality Check—The Issue of Head Lice in Early Childhood Education (continued) • Consider policy carefully • Review as guideline for exclusion • Develop a policy that everyone can live with © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning Immunizations for Disease Prevention • Keep with recommended immunization schedule for all children • Make sure all present in child care are immunized properly • If a child has not followed the normal immunization schedule, make sure the child gets all immunizations needed • Review records periodically to assess that everyone is in compliance © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning Universal Sanitary Practices for the Early Childhood Education Environment • Hand washing – Outline procedure Table 12-4 • Diapering – Outline procedure Table 12-6 • Toileting – Outline procedure Table 12-7 © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning Universal Sanitary Practices for the Early Childhood Education Environment (continued) • Cleaning, sanitizing, and disinfecting – Define the difference – What constitutes contamination? © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning Environmental Quality Control for Disease Prevention • Water table guidelines – Outline procedure Table 12-9 – How often should they be cleaned? • Play dough guidelines – Outline procedure Table 12-10 • Air quality guidelines – What are guidelines? Table 12-11 • Contamination guidelines – Outline procedure Table 12-12 © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning Reality Check—At Risk for Preventable Diseases • Recent studies show that large numbers of children are at risk for these preventable diseases because they have not been immunized – There have been an increase in reported cases of • measles • mumps • whooping cough © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning Reality Check—At Risk for Preventable Diseases (continued) • The first reason children may not be immunized is that some children may have less access to immunization coverage than others – Children with private insurance were more likely to be up-to-date (UTD) than those with public insurance or no insurance © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning Reality Check—At Risk for Preventable Diseases (continued) • The second more controversial reason may be because of the alleged relationship between – increase in autism and vaccinations given for measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus, which has caused concern among parents in both the United States and Great Britain – Thimerosol—a mercury derivative • has not been used since 2003 in vaccinations, except for flu shots © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning Reality Check—At Risk for Preventable Diseases (continued) • Vaccines rarely cause life-threatening or life-changing reactions • A child is at far greater risk if not immunized properly • Teachers require that immunization schedules be UTD before children go to school – Track and remind to keep UTD © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning Reality Check—At Risk for Preventable Diseases (continued) • Some children may be exempt – Allergy to eggs; religious or personal reasons of parents – This can cause concern to those children too young to be immunized and those that are not immunized due to the reasons above – Children who do not have immunizations should be excluded when an infectious disease that other children have been immunized for is present © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning Implications for Teachers • Education • For Families • Role-Modeling – Hand washing especially important • Cultural Competence – Immunization – Provide resources for connection to source for immunization © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning Implications for Teachers (continued) • Supervision – Prevent spread – Require and monitor immunizations – Report some illnesses – Exclude some children – Be prepared to help an ill child © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning