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South Shore Equine Clinic Client Seminar Mark T. Reilly, DVM, Dipl. ABVP Linda J. Cimetti, DVM South Shore Equine Clinic & Diagnostic Center May 7, 2008 Equine Nutrition and Feeding the Endocrine Horse South Shore Equine Clinic & Diagnostic Center May 7, 2008 Martha’s Vineyard Equine Nutrition 101: Horses are herbivores by design and foragers by nature They have evolved to utilize grasses and other forage plants as their primary source of nutrition Site of digestion within the digestive tract important to overall nutrition Equine Nutrition 101 Horses are happiest when they can graze or nibble all day long Though 24/7 turnout in grassy pastures is not always possible, one way to satisfy their urge to chew, and ensure health of the hindgut is to provide quality hay Meeting Nutritional Needs A mature horse will eat 2-2.5% of its body weight per day At LEAST half of this should be provided as roughage For an average 1,000 lb horse that should be at LEAST 10 - 15lbs of hay per day or roughly 5-7 flakes Feeding Forages Forage (hay or pasture) should be the cornerstone of your horse’s diet The concentrate or grain portion of your horse’s diet is meant to supplement the forage portion The best way to formulate a diet for your horse is to have a consistent supply of analyzed hay Hay Basics Hay generally falls into one of two classes, grass or legume Grass (Timothy) Hay Legume (Alfalfa) Hay Hay Basics Hay’s nutritive value and palatability will depend on several factors, such as: Plant species 1st cut vs. 2nd cut Level of maturity at harvest Weed content Which “cut” is better? In general the quality of hay increases with cuttings 2nd cutting tends to be higher quality than 1st cutting However, it is more important to assess the maturity of the plant at the time of cutting Hay Basics Other variables that will affect nutrient content of hay include: Growing conditions (rain, weather, insects, disease) Curing and harvesting conditions Soil conditions and fertility Moisture content Length and method of storage (do not want to store hay for > 1 year) What is “High-Quality” Hay? High leaf to stem ratio (indicates less mature plants) Small diameter stems (less mature plants) Fresh smell and appearance Cleanliness Color (faded, yellow or brown color may indicate aged hay or poor storage conditions) Few seedhead (timothy) or blooms (alfalfa) means less mature plants Which Hay Should I Feed? Ultimately depends on availability Timothy hay – 2nd cutting quality timothy hay is appropriate for most horses Alfalfa generally higher in protein and calcium; early maturity alfalfa may be low in fiber (ie; rich hay) Hay Quality Ultimately hay needs to be ANALYZED in order to actually know what you are feeding Which sample was highest in protein? Calcium? Potassium? Calories? Which sample is most likely to make my laminitic horse worse … better? How to Analyze Hay www.equi-analytical.com Hay probe is necessary for core samples Need to take representative samples from 15-20 bales SSEC can come to your farm and sample hay for you with our hay probe (you will need to submit it to the lab) Chameleon Playing Ping-Pong Formulating a Ration Average 1,000lb horse requires 16,000 calories/day for maintenance High performance athlete (ie; 1,000lb racehorse) may require up to 35,000 calories/day Which is Your Horse? Exercise Category Mean Heart ****Description**** Rate Types of Events Light 80 beats/min 1-3 hours per week; 40% walk 50% trot 10% canter Recreational riding Beginning of training programs Show horses (occasional) 90 beats/min 3-5 hours/week; 30% walk, 55% trot, 10% canter, 5% low jumping, cutting, other skill work School horses Recreational riding Beginning of training/breaking Show horses (frequent) Polo Ranch work 18,000 Cal/day Medium 22,000 Cal/day (Which is Your Horse? Cont.) Exercise Mean Description Category Heart Rate Types of Events Heavy 110 beats/min 4-5 hours per week; 20% walk 50% trot 15% canter 15% gallop, jumping, other skill work Ranch work Polo Show horses (frequent, strenuous events) Low-medium level eventing Race training (middle stages) 110-150 beats/min Various; ranges from 1 hour per week speed work to 6-12 hours per week slow work Racing (Quarter Horse, Thoroughbred, Standardbred, Endurace) Elite 3-day event 26,000 Cal/day Very Heavy 32,000 Cal/day Body Condition Score (BCS) In addition to workload of your horse, its current and desired BCS should be taken into consideration Like a professional boxer, every horse has an ―ideal fighting weight‖ VS Body Condition Score (BCS) BCS of 4-6/9 is ideal for most horses Formulating a Ration Forage is the cornerstone: 10-15 lbs 2nd cut timothy hay likely to provide 11,000 – 16,500 Calories/day and 10% protein This may be enough for your horse! Vitamin/mineral supplement Concentrates (grain) is supplemented to meet additional needs What is in Grain? Three sources of energy (Calories): Carbohydrates: Protein: Sugars, Starches, Fiber Stored as glycogen – used as ―quick‖ energy by the body Made from various amino acids Growth (young animals), builds muscle, muscle recovery/repair Typically utilized by the body for energy only in severe muscle wasting states (ie; starvation, advanced disease) Fats: Enters the body as free fatty acids/triglycerides Utilized in longer-lasting, aerobic work Carbohydrates Starches and Sugars Referred to as hydrolyzable carbohydrates Converted to glucose in the small intestine, providing immediate energy to the horse If too many hydrolyzable carbohydrates enter the small intestine, they will not be digested and will enter the large intestine When hydrolyzable carbohydrates enter the large intestine they are rapidly fermented by microorganisms to lactic acid and can wreak havoc, resulting in colic and laminitis Carbohydrates (cont.) Starches and Sugars Glucose can be utilized immediately or stored in the form of glycogen for future ―quick punch‖ anaerobic energy Stored glycogen is crucial for high-intensity, shortduration exercise, such as sprinting, jumping, barrel racing, etc. Muscle glycogen stores can be almost completely depleted during endurance exercise, such as a 50-70 mile or longer race Carbohydrates (Cont.) Fiber Fermentable fibers are also carbohydrates, but they are digested differently than starch and sugar Digestible fiber is fermented by the microbes in the horse’s hindgut into volatile fatty acids (VFA’s), which are then absorbed These VFA’s are a source of energy for less intense, longer duration activity—aerobic activity Carbohydrates Fiber Rapidly fermentable fiber includes pectin, fructans and some oligosaccharides; produce lactate as a byproduct, contributes to colon lactic acidosis Slowly fermentable fiber includes cellulose, hemicellulose, and ligno-cellulose; metabolized into volatile fatty acids and promotes large colon health Carbohydrates Fiber Non-structural (NSC) internal component of the plant cell (simple sugars, starches, oligosaccharides, fructans, and soluble fiber) Structural originates from plant cell wall and make up insoluble fiber in diet (cellulose, hemicellulose, and ligno-cellulose) These are metabolized into volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and promote large colon health Protein Proteins are composed of amino acids (the building blocks of protein) and will vary in amino acid composition Amino acids are not only essential for growth, but also for rebuilding tissue damage resulting from vigorous exercise Essential amino acids, like lysine and methionine, cannot be synthesized by the horse, so they must be supplied in the diet Protein Mature horses have a lower protein requirement than young, growing or pregnant/lactating horses Horses in heavy exercise have slightly higher protein requirements Protein comes from both forage and concentrates Good quality legume hay can provide 14-18% protein Good quality grass hay can provide 7-12% protein Protein Protein requirements are absolutes (grams of protein) rather than a percentage ―Protein‖ requirement is really amino acid requirements, so protein quality can make a difference (lysine) Can be estimated by using overall percentage of diet with the following guidelines Under 2 years old 14-16% >2 years old, but not yet ―senior‖ 8-12% Senior horses likely similar to those under 2 years old Protein Horses fed a protein deficient diet will lose weight even if sufficient caloric intake is provided Over-supplementation of protein is costly, but likely does not have major negative health consequences May cause increased urination – monitor protein content of diet in animals with renal disease Fats Fats/oils are generally used in equine diets to increase energy density and reduce the amount of hydrolyzable or rapidly fermentable fiber found in grain Dietary fats are necessary for absorption of fat soluble vitamins (vitamins A, E, D, K) Digested fats provide over 2.25 times more utilizable energy than an equal weight of digested carbohydrate or protein Fats Vegetable oils are more palatable to horse than animal oils Fat supplementation may have ―glycogen-sparing‖ effects, but will not replace glycogen Omega-3 fatty acids found in flaxseed may modify allergic diseases (hives, ―sweet itch,‖ COPD) Takes a minimum of 3-5 weeks for a horse to become metabolically adapted to a high-fat diet The Endocrine Horse Role of Insulin Insulin Produced in pancreas Metabolism of sugars and starches(CHOs) Responds to elevations of blood glucose Insulin INCREASED when food high in CHOs is eaten DECREASED amounts needed during xercise and physical activity e Role of Insulin Function of Insulin = Glucose entry into cells Endocrine Disorders Equine Cushing’s Disease (ECD) or Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction (PPID) Pituitary dysfunction Excess secretion of ACTH & other hormones Older or aged horses and ponies Delayed shedding or patchy hair coat Excess drinking and urination (PU/PD) Cushing’s Disease PPID Cushing’s Disease Coat changes Cushing’s Disease Associated with IR because GCs decrease glucose uptake into cells. Metabolic Syndrome or Insulin Resistance Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS) Typically young ―Easy keepers‖ - obese Morgans, Arabs, Paso Finos Pronounced fat deposits Insulin Resistance Fat deposits remain -Neck or crest -Shoulders -Buttocks Insulin Resistance Fat deposits -Neck or crest -Shoulders -Buttocks Insulin Resistance Due to impaired tissue responses to circulating insulin -Insulin Receptors -Insulin-signaling pathways -Glucose transport systems Insulin Resistance Similar to Type 2 Diabetes Insulin Resistance Similar to Type 2 Diabetes Insulin Resistance and Obesity Cells become less sensitive to Insulin Compensate by secreting more insulin = making things worse Fat (lipid) accumulation within fat and muscle Leads to OBESITY OBESITY INSULIN RESISTANCE OBESITY interferes with Insulin signals >>>>>>>> Insulin Resistance Insulin Resistance and Obesity Either EMS or ECD One, Both, Neither Insulin Resistance and Obesity Obese and Insulin Resistant Insulin Resistance and Obesity Obese and NOT Insulin Resistant Insulin Resistance and Obesity Either EMS or ECD Other Species INSULIN RESISTANCE Other Species INSULIN RESISTANCE Crested Neck Feeding Endocrine Disorders OBESE HORSE Induce weight loss Feeding Endocrine Disorders OBESE HORSE Induce weight loss Same horse!! OBESITY Athletes can be overweight too! Exercise helps IR Feeding Endocrine Disorders GOOD BODY CONDITION Maintain weight Improve Insulin Sensitivity Feel ribs under the skin No visible fat areas Feeding Endocrine Disorders THIN BODY CONDITION Gain weight Improve Insulin Sensitivity Laminitis Laminitis CENTURIES SEASONALLY DIETARY CHANGES Laminitis Laminitis Basement Membrane Inflammation ICE ICE ICE Laminitis Laminitis Laminitis Laminitis Laminitis Laminitis Laminitis Laminitis Growth rings Heel > Toe WEIGHT LOSS Eliminate ALL grain Restrict access to pasture to < 2 hours AVOID Starch (NSCs) and Fructans!! WEIGHT LOSS EXERCISE!!! Decreases blood glucose levels (and therefore Insulin levels) Exercise and Diet Changes are NOT mutually exclusive! WEIGHT LOSS Grazing Muzzle Weight-watchers Paddocks Weight tape WEIGHT LOSS Avoid DYNAMIC grass growth After New drought – SPRING and FALL grass has HIGH amounts of CHOs WEIGHT LOSS Soaking hay for 30 minutes prior to feeding Lowers sugar content 30% Analyze and select for low CHOs NSC (Oats = 44; Corn = 73) HAY varies !!! (11% - 31%) WEIGHT LOSS FAT HORSE Feed 2% body weight in hay plus basic vitamin/mineral supplement Then lower to 1.5% of current body weight Then lower to 1.5% of IDEAL body weight 8 - 10% Protein is ideal = add alfalfa or soybean meal = 15 pounds of hay to 1000 pound horse MAINTENANCE DIET Optimal Body Score MAINTENANCE DIET Optimal Body Score MAINTENANCE DIET Optimal Body Score MAINTENANCE DIET Optimal Body Score MAINTENANCE DIET Predominantly HAY < 12% NSC Approx 2% body weight Vitamins/minerals and Protein as needed MAINTENANCE DIET Avoid High Glycemic Feeds NO Sweet Feed with molasses Makes Insulin Resistance worse! Feed small amounts more frequently (lesser amounts of carbs fermenting at one time) MAINTENANCE DIET Avoid Sudden Changes in Feed Bacterial Flora needs to adjust gradually MAINTENANCE DIET MONITORING BODY SCORE CONDITION Assess every 2 –4 weeks BLOOD INSULIN LEVELS Measure at least every 6 months MAINTENANCE DIET Optimal Body Score WEIGHT GAIN DIET Free choice hay (soaked) Molasses-free beet pulp Rice bran Corn oil WEIGHT GAIN DIET Soaked Molasses-free Beet Pulp Mostly digested in large intestine ONE CUP = ¼ POUND (Presoaked) Start with ¼ pound of pre-soaked BP Feed twice daily Increase gradually to 1 (one) pound daily RINSE in warm water, then SOAK 10-30 minutes in warm water before feeding WEIGHT GAIN DIET Low-NSC Pelleted Feed Ease of feeding Lower sugar contents Palatability Goals of Management Decrease body fat mass (obese) Avoid feeds that exacerbate IR (NSC) Minimize risk of laminitis Avoid sudden diet changes (i.e. changes in bacterial flora of gut --> laminitis) Questions??? South Shore Equine Clinic & Diagnostic Center 151 Palmer Road Plympton, MA 02367 781-585-2611 www.ssequineclinic.com Mark T. Reilly, DVM, Dipl ABVP Linda J. Cimetti, DVM Suzanne P. Shaw, MVB