Download B453 GCSE PE Muscles and effects of exercise

Revision – Year 11
• Short term effects of exercise on the
cardiovascular system, respiratory system and
muscles
• Muscles and movement
SHORT TERM EFFECTS OF EXERCISE
Cardiovascular System
(heart, blood)
1.
Respiratory System
(breathing, lungs)
1. BREATHING RATE RISES
Muscular System
(muscles)
1.
HEART RATE
INCREASES
INCREASE
IN MUSCULAR FATIGUE
2. STROKE VOLUME
INCREASES – volume of blood
that is pumped out of the
heart per beat.
2. TIDAL VOLUME (TV)
INCREASES – volume of air
either inspired or expired per
breath.
2.
3. CARDIAC OUTPUT
INCREASES – volume of blood
that is pumped out of the
heart from one ventricle per
minute.
3. MINUTE VOLUME
INCREASES – volume of air
that is inspired or expired in
one minute.
3.
INCREASE
IN MUSCLE TEMPERATURE
INCREASE
IN THE FLEXIBILITY AROUND
THE JOINT
LONG TERM EFFECTS OF EXERCISE
Cardiovascular System
(heart, blood)
Respiratory System
(breathing, lungs)
Muscular System
(muscles)
1. LOWER RESTING HEART RATE – this
enables us to do more each day and to
carry out longer and harder exercise
1. VITAL CAPACITY (VC) - Maximum
amount of air that can be forcibly
exhaled after maximum inspiration.
Therefore more oxygen which will give
us more energy throughout the day.
1. MUSCLES GET BIGGER
2. STROKE VOLUME INCREASES –
volume of blood that is pumped out of
the heart per beat. This will enable
more oxygen to be used by our working
muscles and organs
2. MORE RAPID RATE OF RECOVERY–
Recover much faster after exercise.
2. MUSCLES GET STRONGER AND CAN
ACHIEVE A GREATER FORCE OF
MOVEMENT.
3. CARDIAC OUTPUT INCREASES –
volume of blood that is pumped out of
the heart from one ventricle per
minute.
3. IMPROVED FLEXIBILITY OF THE
MUSCLE – this enables a greater range
of movement.
4. SIZE OF HEART INCREASES – called
cardiac hypertrophy. This will make our
heart healthier and ward off the onset
of heart disease.
4. THE ONSET OF FATIGUE IS DELAYED
– because of higher maximum oxygen
uptake (VO2 MAX). This will enable us
to work harder and for longer, and not
to tire too quickly.
Other Key Bits:
HOW DO YOU WORK OUT YOUR CARDIAC
OUTPUT?
CARDIAC OUTPUT =
STROKE VOLUME X HEART RATE
Vascular shunt:
Blood is redirected and the vascular shut operates: more
blood is pumped to the working muscles and less blood
goes to the organs that do not need oxygen.
Exam Question:
DESCRIBE THE SHORT TERM EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON THE HEART.
USE AS MANY OF THE KEY WORDS AS YOU CAN
* INCREASE
* HYPERTROPHY
*DIVERTED
* CARDIAC OUTPUT
*HEART-RATE
*BLOOD VESSELS
*MORE BLOOD PUMPED OUT PER MINUTE
*STROKE VOLUME
* INCREASE IN BLOOD PUMPED OUT PER BEAT
*CONTRACTS
DESCRIBE THE SHORT TERM EFFECTS
OF EXERCISE ON THE HEART.
When we exercise the heart muscle ………………………….. in size and
strength, which is known as ……………………………. The Heart more
often which leads to an increased ……………………………. The Heart
also contracts more powerfully leading to an increased
…………………………………, which is the
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
…. This also leads to the ……………………………………….... increasing.
Cardiac means relating to the heart so this is the
…………………………………………….………………………………………………………
………………………………………………. Our blood temperature also rises
as the …………………………………………………………………..near skin open
to allow heat to be lost. Blood is also ………………………….. to the
working muscles and less to the organs that do not require the
oxygen.
DESCRIBE THE SHORT TERM EFFECTS
OF EXERCISE ON THE HEART.
When we exercise the heart muscle INCREASES in size and strength,
which is known as HYPERTROPHY. The Heart CONTRACTS more often
which leads to an increased HEART RATE. The Heart also contracts more
powerfully leading to an increased STROKE VOLUME, which is the
VOLUME OF BLOOD PUMPED FROM HEART WITH EACH BEAT. This also
leads to the CARDIAC OUTPUT increasing. Cardiac means relating to the
heart so this is the AMOUNT OF BLOOD THAT THE HEART PUMPS OUT
TO THE BODY PER MINUTE. Our blood temperature also rises as the
BLOOD VESSELS near skin open to allow heat to be lost. Blood is also
DIVERTED to the working muscles and less to the organs that do not
require the oxygen.
MUSCLES TO REMEMBER:
pectorals
(Skeletal muscles)
trapezius
deltoids
abdominals
latisimus dorsi
triceps
biceps
gluteus
maximus
(gluteals)
hamstrings
gastrocnemius
quadriceps
MUSCLES TO REMEMBER:
(Skeletal muscles)
FUNCTIONS OF SPECIFIC MUSCLES
MUSCLE
FUNCTION
SPORTS EXAMPLE
GLUTEALS
These are muscles in your buttocks. They
straighten and adduct the hip, rotate the thigh
outwards and helps to straighten the knee.
A sprinter will use the gluteals in
the leg action of sprinting down
the track.
QUADRICEPS
This provides stability to the knee joint and
extends or straightens the knee joint.
A long jumper when driving off
the board will straighten the knee
joint at take off using the
quadriceps
HAMSTRINGS
These muscles will straighten the hip. They will
also bend the knee and rotate it outwards.
A hockey player when running
across the pitch will use the
hamstrings in the running action
to bend the knees.
GASTROCNEMIUS
Used to bend the knee and to straighten or
plantar flex the ankle.
A swimmer doing front crawl will
point their toes in the leg action
using the gastrocnemius
LATISSIMUSDORSI
The broad back muscle, will swing the arm
backwards and rotate it inwards.
A tennis player who when serving
swings their arm back to hit the
ball is using the latissimusdorsi.
ABDOMINALS
These bend the trunk forwards and help to turn Performing a sit up exercise will
the upper body.
use the abdominals.
EXAMPLE OF HOW YOUR MUSCLES WORK
• In the upper arm the large
muscles are the biceps and
triceps.
 They are opposite each
other.
 They are attached to the
bones by tendons.
 When the biceps contract
they will pull on the radius
and lift the lower arm.
 The bone in the upper arm
is the humerus.

The arm is lowered by the
triceps contracting and
pulling on the Ulna.*
MUSCLE ACTION
UPPER ARM MUSCLES
The biceps and triceps work
together as an antagonistic
pair to move the elbow joint.
To flex the elbow, the biceps
(the flexor) contracts and the
triceps (the extensor) relaxes.
To extend the elbow, the
actions are reversed so that
the triceps contracts and the
biceps relaxes.
TYPES OF MOVEMENT
TYPE OF MOVEMENT
DESCRIPTION
EXAMPLE
FLEXION
A decrease in the angle around a
joint.
Bicep curl / sprinting
EXTENSION
This is when the angle of the bones
that are moving increase.
Kicking a ball
ABDUCTION
The movement of the body away
from the middle or the midline of
the body.
Lifting your leg away from the
midline of the body.
ADDUCTION
The movement of the body towards
the midline of the body.
Bringing your leg back towards
the middle of your body.
ROTATION
Turning or twisting a body part
either clockwise or anti-clockwise
Turning your leg to point the
toes outwards
HYPERTROPHY
INCREASE
STROKE VOLUME
BLOOD VESSELS
INCREASE
HEART-RATE
CARDIAC OUTPUT
CONTRACTS
DIVERTED
AMOUNT OF BLOOD THAT THE HEART PUMPS OUT TO THE
BODY PER MINUTE
VOLUME OF BLOOD PUMPED OUT PER BEAT