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Appendicular Skeleton and Joints Lab Exercise 9 Activates 1-5 p. 97-104 Lab Exercise 10 Activities 1-2, 5-6 p. 109-114 Objectives • Locate and recognize the bones of the appendicular skeleton relating the unique structure of each to its function in forming joints and providing locations for tendon and ligament attachment • Identify bones both as part of a skeleton and disarticulated • Observe joint models noting ligament attachment and range of movement Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral Girdle Parts/Markings Clavicle (2) sternal end, acromial end acromion process, coracoid process, glenoid fossa, spine, superior, lateral Scapula (2) and medial borders Appendicular Skeleton Upper Limbs Humerus (2) Radius (2) Parts/Markings head, coronoid fossa, olecranon fossa, greater tubercle, lateral and medial epicondyles, trochlea, capitulum head, styloid process, radial tuberosity trochlear notch, olecranon, coronoid process, styloid process, head Ulna (2) Carpals (16) Metacarpals (10) Phalanges of proximal, middle and distal (except digits (28) thumb with just proximal and distal) Appendicular Skeleton Pelvic girdle coxal bone: composed of ilium, ischium, pubis Parts/Markings acetabulum, iliac crest, sacroiliac joint, obturator foramen Appendicular Skeleton Lower limbs Femur (2) Patella (2) Tibia (2) Fibula (2) Tarsals (14) Metatarsals (10) Parts/Markings head, neck, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, lateral condyle, medial condyle medial condyle, lateral condyle, medial malleolus, tibial tuberosity head, lateral malleolus calcaneus, talus proximal, middle, and distal of all Phalanges of digits (28) except phalanx I (big toe) Joints (Articulations) • Classified by structure : – Fibrous – Cartilaginous – Synovial • Classified by function (movement allowed) : – Synarthrosis – Amphiarthrosis – Diarthrosis For Review Complete p. 105-108 #1-13 Complete p. 114 all Complete p. 115-118 #1-8 Joints (Articulations) Synarthrosis Amphiarthrosis Diarthrosis Diarthrosis (Synovial) Articulations Demonstrate Movements of Synovial Joints • Flexion-sagittal plane, decreasing the angle of the joint • Extension-sagittal plane, increasing angle of the joint to anatomical position. Beyond anatomical position is termed hyperextention • Abduction-frontal plane, moving a limb away for the median plane • Adduction-frontal plane, moving limb toward midline Demonstrate Movements of Synovial Joints • Rotation-moving a bone around its longitudinal axis • Circumduction-flexsion, extention, abduction, and adduction of a limb that moves distal end of limb in a circle • Pronation-movement of palm of hand to the posterior facing position • Supination-movement of the palm of the hand to the anterior facing position Demonstrate Movements of Synovial Joints • Inversion-medial turning of the sole of the foot • Eversion-lateral turning of the sole of the foot • Dorsiflexion-movement of the ankle joint in the dorsal direction (standing in one’s heel) • Plantarflexion-movement of the ankle joint in which the toes are flexed down (toes pointed)