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Transcript
So we’re on a pilgrimage through Let’s become religiously savvy Israel! Things you didn’t know about Judaism Israel – the land of the Jews The significance of Israel Key Teachings Beliefs Sacred Text Divergent groups Practices The significance of Israel Proclaimed in 1948 2005 – 6.9 million people 80% Jews Muslims Christians Druze Hybrid system of limited intervention by government in religious affairs. HENCE There is not a formal separation between religion and state. Israel – an Active Religious State Active Religious State: the state supports the religion while maintaining a level of independence from it No constitution- instead a series of basic laws Guarantee access to and prohibit the desecration of holy sites Laws are enforced on the population under the ‘status quo’ agreement ( on the Sabbath and other Jewish religious holidays businesses must close; buses/airlines do not operate and Ultra-Orthodox Jewish neighbourhoods are closed to vehicles. Has a declaration of independence Right of Return Introduction Judaism is around 3500 years old and is the oldest of the world's three great monotheistic religions (religions with only one God). It's also the smallest, with only about 12 million followers around the world. Who is a Jew? Traditionally, any person whose mother is a Jew is considered Jewish. This means Its holy city is Jerusalem. there are both religious or observant Jews, and secular Jews. The Jewish calendar is lunar and based on 29 or 30 days therefore they have 12.13 months. Beliefs and Key Teachings G-D Jews believe that there is a single G-d God in Hebrew scripture is understood as The clan of G-d of Abraham and his descendants As the city G-d of Jerusalem he competed with other city gods in the wider Mesopotamian area rituals at his temple addressed him as ‘G-d of the Jews’, that is as a National G-d G-d is omnipotent (all powerful) omnipresent (all present) and omniscience (all knowing). Judaism turn to sacred text -way to live: moral law To be a Jew is to be a person of law Halachah: the Jewish legal tradition, grounded in the 613 commandments (mitzvot) of the Torah Who is a Jew? Word ‘Jew’ used in two ways Person is born a Jew Follower of the Jewish religion – Judaism Jews believe there is one eternal G-d Refer to G-d as Adonai Beliefs and Key Teachings Covenant The initial Covenant was between G-d and Abraham ‘ancestor of a multitude of nations’ (Gen 17:5) continued through the Patriarchs renewed by Moses at Mount Sinai Ten Commandments -basic code of law The Covenant is important -expresses the essence of the laws. The Covenant from Sinai summaries the complex laws from Leviticus Dietary, behavioral and Other prescriptions in the Torah codify an entire way of life. Laws ensures tradition is maintained Jews await the Messiah Believe in heaven, but G-d determines where they go after life on earth From Adam to Moses Abraham and Sarah Sacred Text The Tanak is the twenty-four books that make up the Hebrew Scriptures Broken into three parts 1. Torah 2. Neviim 3. Ketuvim Hebrew is read right to left. Torah (The teaching) Neviim (The Prophets) Ketuvim (The Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Samuel Kings Isaiah Jeremiah Ezekiel The Twelve Minor Prophets Yad or pointer used to read the Torah Writings) Psalms Job Proverbs Ruth Song of Songs Ecclesiastes Lamentations Esther Daniel Ezra-Nehemiah Chronicles Sacred Text divinely inspired source of all wisdom The Hebrew Scriptures completed around 100CE However: books within them 100’s – 1000’s of years older than 100CE Divergent Groups Orthodox • • • • • Full observant and adhere to traditional laws Most Jews belong to this group ‘traditional’ Judaism Refer to themselves as ‘observant’ right belief and right practice Distinguished by its traditional forms of worship in Hebrew Ultra- Orthodox • Divergent group within Orthodox who reject much of the modern world Conservative • • Derived from a less radical group broken away from Progressive Judaism around 1885 Is sympathetic to modern Western ways of thinking, but more traditional than Progressive Judaism Progressive • Reform Judaism • Liberal Judaism • • • • • • • • Influenced by social, scientific, ethical and other human developments (adapts to the norms of modern society) Began in 1810 in Germany Religious services in the local language of the community Some prayer still in Hebrew Allowed to sing with accompaniment of organ Men and women sit together during worship Females ordained – 1972 Women make up half the population in rabbinical classes Mystical Kabbalah • • Hasidim http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/27/ultra-orthodox-judaism-defectors-newyork http://www.abc.net.au/compass/s4191928.htm Corner-stone of Judaism Torah Land People Love of G-d http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gRdfX7ut8gw Practices Synagogue Jews worship in synagogues or temples. Images of G-d absent Men and women usually sit separately depending on group Synagogue worship – focus on reading and venerations of the Torah and 613 mitzvot of the Torah Progressive Jews – Temple Worship is led by a Rabbi- usually male but can be female in the Progressive groups Friday evening is time for worship and is referred to as the Sabbath – begins Friday evening when 3 stars appear in the sky and end Saturday evening (25 hours) Sabbath to cease or rest No work allowed reference to early biblical laws (Lev 23: 2-3, Ex 20:8-11) and symbolically associated with creation (Gen2:2-3) and central relationship of covenant (Ex 31:16) Seder meal an important part of the Shabbat celebrations Not allowed to operate machinery http://www.chabad.org/generic_cdo/aid/323422/jewish/Candle-Lighting.htm Bar Mitvah http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=IjrQcItNQac Son of the Commandment 13 – an adult within tradition Minyan – 10 good men Formal preparation – classes, passage from Torah: taught to wear tefflin and tallit A tour through Judaism The Passover Seder meal pesah Pesah commemorates the Exodus from Egypt and the creation of Israel as a nation. It symbolises the saving action of God in history and also marks the time of the barley harvest. In the time before the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple, the Passover lamb was eaten on the first day of Pesah, and psalms, hymns and prayers were shared. In contemporary times the Passover sacrifice has been replaced by a family festive meal, called the seder meal. During this meal the story of the Exodus is retold and Jews recite prayers that complement the different stages of the story. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYgGXklXoCU&feature =fvwrel The Seder is a fifteen-step, family-oriented tradition and the focal points of the meal are: • Eating matzah, the flat unleavened bread. • Eating bitter herbs to commemorate the bitter slavery endured by the Israelites. • Drinking four cups of wine or grape juice, a royal drink, to celebrate freedom. • The recitation of the Haggadah, which is a liturgy that describes in detail the story of the Exodus from Egypt. The Haggadah is the fulfilment of the biblical obligation to recount to Jewish children the story of the Exodus on the night of Passover. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JCy4_DaacI&feature=relmfu Yom kippur Yom Kippur is the most sacred and solemn day of the Jewish year, and it brings the Days of Repentance to a close. On Yom Kippur, God makes the final decision on what the next year will be like for each person. The Book of Life is closed and sealed, and those who have properly repented for their sins will be granted a happy New Year. Yom Kippur is marked by Jews in several ways: • They abstain from food or drink for 25hrs • They do not wear perfume • They abstain from sexual intercourse • They do not wash • They do not wear leather shoes The most important part of Yom Kippur is the time spent in the synagogue. Even Jews who are not particularly religious attend synagogue on Yom Kippur, the only day of the year with five services. The first service, in the evening, begins with the Kol Nidre prayer. Another element in the liturgy for Yom Kippur is the confession of sins (vidui). Sins are confessed aloud by the congregation and in the plural. The fifth service is "Neilah", which brings the day to a close as God's judgement is finally sealed. At the end of the service the shofar is blown for the final time. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LsAcI4dXK48 sabbath Every week religious Jews observe the Sabbath and keep its laws and customs. The Sabbath begins at nightfall on Friday and lasts until nightfall on Saturday. The idea of a day of rest comes from the Bible story of the Creation. God rested from creating the universe on the seventh day, so Jews rest from work on the Sabbath. God also commanded the Jews to observe the Sabbath and keep it holy as the fourth of the Ten Commandments. Jews often call the day Shabbat, Hebrew for Sabbath, which means ‘rest’. The Sabbath is a reminder of the Covenant that God made with the Israelites, and so it is an occasion to rejoice in God's kept promises. In order to avoid work and to ensure that the Sabbath is special, all chores like shopping, cleaning, and cooking for the Sabbath must be finished before sunset on Friday. Sabbath candles are lit at sunset on a Friday. The woman of the house usually performs this ritual. It is an integral part of Jewish custom and ceremony. After the candles are lit, Jewish families will drink wine. Sabbath wine is sweet and is usually drunk from a special goblet known as the Kiddush Cup. The drinking of wine on the Sabbath symbolises joy and celebration. It is also traditional to eat challah, a soft bread in the shape of a braid. Under Jewish law, every Jew must eat three meals on the Sabbath. One of the meals must include bread. Observant Jews will usually eat challah at the beginning of a Sabbath meal. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5GW-frPw2oI&feature=related