Download Coffee for smoking cessation

WFL Publisher
Science and Technology
Meri-Rastilantie 3 B, FI-00980
Helsinki, Finland
e-mail: [email protected]
Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment Vol.7 (3&4) : 130-133. 2009
www.world-food.net
Coffee for smoking cessation
Somrutai Jitpukdeebodintra* and Amarawadee Jangwang
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand.
*e-mail: [email protected]
Received 23 July 2009, accepted 2 October 2009.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to add the value to coffee for Krabi’s agricultural promoting, and response to ministry of health’s policy in smoking
cessation for health enhancement. Little iron weed or Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less.; a Thai herbal beverage for smoking cessation studied by U-thong
Hospital in 1,000 prisoners with a dose of 3 g in 150 ml of boiling water and 3 times a day, was formulated in beverage form. Coffee was used as
flavoring agent and smoke withdrawal syndrome treatment. The products were undergone the physical specification of Thailand community
product standard. The efficiency and satisfaction of products were tested in 20 volunteers with aged 20-50 years. The products were the same
preferred as coffee without the herb. The volunteer smokers were less addicted, evaluated by Fagerström test (FTND), the score 6.35±1.14 was
less to 5.10±1.97 and 3.35±2.32 after 1 and 2 months in sequent of coffee consumption with 95% confident.
Key words: Coffee, Robusta, little iron weed, Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less, smoking cessation.
Introduction
Thailand is one of the coffee producing countries, which export
the coffee beans. Ninety seven percent of its product is Robusta,
most grown in the southern part of Thailand, such as Krabi
province. Because of competitive economic problem, many of
the coffee gardens was cut down by the rural gardeners to have
other profitable plants such as oil palm and para-tree. So the
rural officers who want to keep coffee to be sustainable
agriculture, develop the commercial-able products, one of them
is coffee for smoking cessation.
There is 1.0-1.5 percent of caffeine content in the coffee bean,
according to the species and plantation environment. Caffeine
has both benefits and disadvantages to the body and mentality3.
Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) and cardiac stimulant,
it has lipolytic activity on fatty cells and inhibition of lipogenesis1,
so caffeine is used in weight reduction. Because of its actions
on up-taking of blood circulation to heart and head, it is used as
migraine relief drug. Caffeine has interesting application in
smoking cessation where smoking withdrawal symptoms, such
as drowsiness, heart rate retardation, weight gain and nonactiveness, need to be managed.
There are 3 major methods of smoking cessation: cold turkey
techniques, behavior and social treatment and drug treatments.
Otherwise the combination of two methods is suggested for
smoker to quit smoking 4. Most of the smoking patients want the
health team apply drug for the treatments, but there are many
factors of drug contra-indication and adverse effects to decide
the drug choosing for the patient. Nevertheless the mental care
is also supported in the drug treatment.
Nowadays natural products are concerned to be safe for health
promotion, so they take part in smoking cessation application.
One of the herbs popularly studied in Thailand for periods of
130
time is little iron weed. The other names of this plant are ashcolored fleabane or purple fleabane with a scientific name of
Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. The plant is grass weed with slender,
grooved and ribbed stem. The leaves are variable in shape,
broadly elliptic or lancelet, membranous or rather coriaceous.
The flowers are pinkish and purple, in minute heads in rounded
or flat-topped corymbs. The achenes are oblong, terete and
slightly narrowed at the base. This common grass weed can be
found throughout Thailand. Decoction forms are given for
coughs, flatulence, diarrhea, intestinal colic, dysuria and for
leucoderma, psoriasis and other chronic skin diseases. The seeds
are made into a paste with lime juice and used for destroying
pediculi. The juice of the plant is given to the children with
urinary incontinence. The leaves are eaten as a potherb.
There is no literature on smoking cessation by Vernonia
cinerea (L.) Less, but U-thong Hospital in Supanburi Province
reported they applied decoction of this herb, remedy dose of 3 g
in 150 ml boiling water, to 100 prisoners and other common
addicted smokers, for 3 times daily drink. The results showed
that many smokers could quit their smoking; some could control
their usual smoke habit. So the health promotion office under
the ministry of health affair has campaigned this herb for smoking
cessation in Thailand 9. Comparative study on this herb to the
mouth wash using for smoking cessation found that sodium
nitrate was the active ingredient analyzed in the herb. Sodium
nitrate is claimed to act as smoking tasteless and facilitating
smokers to give-up smoking. Otherwise Lee and Lee 2, who
studied the effects of 21 herbs to smoking cessation, had
mentioned Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less to 38% less smokingvolunteers.
Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.7 (3&4), July-October 2009
Materials and Methods
Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less or little iron weed was bought from
Herb Material Center of U-thong Hospital in Supanburi Province,
Thailand. Coffee bean was Robusta bought from housewife of
Krabi provincial coffee producer. The quality of herb and coffee
were proved as Thailand community product’s quality standard.
Other chemicals were analytical grade bought from local
representative company of Sigma Chemical.
The product of coffee for smoking cessation was locally
patented for Krabi provincial health office. It contained 3 g of
little iron weed in crushed in pieces and powdered form and 5 g
of coffee bean (not more than 2% of total product content).
Then the stability of products were tested both in normal room
condition of temperature, pressure and moisture for 1 month and
in accelerated 5 freeze and thaw cycles (at 4±2oC for 24 hours
and then at 30±2oC for 24 hours was one cycle). The content of
caffeine in the product was analyzed according to the method of
Katz 7. Caffeine concentrations ranging from 2.0 to 50 µg/ml of
water:acetonitrile (50:50) were prepared, kept for 30 min, filtered
through Whatman® filter paper No.1 and injected into the HPLC
column to measure the absorbance. Then a standard curve of
caffeine concentration and absorbance was constructed. The
HPLC analysis method modified from the method of Potard et
al. 8 was used for caffeine content analysis. The condition of
HPLC analysis was a reverse phase column (RP8 4.6 x 250 mm–5
µm) and UV detector working at 271 nm. The mobile elution
solvent was water/acetonitrile/acetic acid (85:15:1 v/v, pH 2.5).
The solvent flow rate was 1 ml/min at 35°C.
Twenty volunteer smokers aged 20-50 years, either men or
women, were questioned with Fagerström test of nicotine
dependence (FTND) 6 before and after using the coffee product
with little iron weed 4 times a day after meal for 1-2 months
(Table 1). The volunteers also evaluated the satisfaction on
product properties (such as taste, odor and solubility) with 4point hedonic scale questionnaire under the criteria of Thailand
community product standard and compared to the market
ordinary instant coffee (Nescafé).
Results and Discussion
The caffeine content in the product was 5.3±0.001 mg/g or
1.050±0.004% (Table 2). The product passed the stability tests
both in normal and accelerated conditions as shown in Table 3.
The product passed the criteria of Thailand community product
standard and was quarantined by Songkhla Medical Sciences
Center for an industrial registration on Thailand Food and Drug
Administration (FDA).
It was concluded that the developed product had the same
properties as ordinary coffee in the market, because the
satisfaction scale done by 20 volunteer smokers was 3.77±0.30,
which was not significantly different from ordinary coffee with
95% confidence (Table 4). The Fagerström test of nicotine
dependence in 20 volunteer smokers showed that scoring of high
addiction altered to scoring of medium addiction and low
addiction after 1 and 2 month of product consumption,
respectively (Table 5). Besides 2 of 20 volunteers could quit their
smoking (scoring of 0), so it was concluded that the developed
products could be used for health promotion in the smoking
adductors with satisfactory.
The coffee for smoking cessation was developed by mixing
the coffee bean with Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less or little iron
weed for 2 purposes: coffee could be used as flavoring agent to
the herb, and as withdrawal symptom protector. The withdrawal
Table 1. Fagerström test of nicotine dependence (FTND).
1.
How soon after you wake up do you smoke your first cigarette?
Within 5 minutes
6-30 minutes
31-60 minutes
after 60 minutes
Do you find it difficult to refrain from smoking in places where it is forbidden, e.g. at the mosque (church),
at the bus?
Yes
No
Which cigarette would hate most to give up?
The first one in the morning
All others
How many cigarettes/day do you smoke?
10 or less
11-20
21-30
31 or more
Do you smoke more frequently during the first hours after waking than the rest of the day?
Yes
No
Do you smoke when you are so ill that you are in bed most of the day?
Yes
No
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Table 2. Caffeine content in coffee for smoking cessation
product.
1
2
Tested
coffee, g
5.006
5.012
Caffeine in
coffee, g
0.051
0.055
Caffeine,
%
1.02
1.10
3
5.023
0.052
1.04
Average
5.014
0.053
1.05
Lot
symptoms of nicotine refrain were affective symptom of
depressive, drowsiness and low concentration and somatic
symtoms of slow heart rate, weight gain and non-activeness.
Caffeine in coffee would stimulate heart rate 1. Caffeine is central
nervous system stimulant, so it could alert and activate the
consumer from drowsiness and depression. Caffeine is a xanthine
mostly used in anticellulite products due to the lipolytic activity
on fatty cells via inhibition of phosphodiesterase, and increasing
cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) levels 5.
Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.7 (3&4), July-October 2009
131
Table 3. Properties of tested product on stability.
Type of stability study
Tested properties
Normal condition (rTPM) for 1 mo
Accelerated 5-freeze-thraw cycles
General characteristics
Dry powder
Dry powder
Color
Natural color of mixed coffee
Natural color of mixed coffee
Odor
Natural odor of mixed coffee, no other
Natural odor of mixed coffee, no other
Taste
Natural taste of mixed coffee
Natural taste of mixed coffee
Contaminants
Not found
Not found
Moisture %w/w
3.45±0.54
3.48±0.28
Total ash %w/w
2.63±0.48
2.65±0.54
Soluble ash %w/w
85.2±4.15
85.1±3.20
Total microbial count
Not found
Not found
Table 4. Comparative satisfactory results of coffee for smoking cessation to ordinary
instant coffee (Nescafé) in 20 volunteer smokers.
Tested properties
Scale of satisfaction
Ordinary instant coffee (Nescafé)
Coffee for smoking cessation
General characteristics
4.0±0.0
4.0±0.0
Color
4.0±0.0
4.0±0.0
Taste/odor
4.0±0.0
3.2±0.6
Solubility property
3.9±0.7
3.7±0.5
Convenience
3.9±0.4
3.9±0.3
Product forms
Average
3.9±0.5
3.8±0.4
3.95±0.05
3.77±0.30
Table 5. Scoring results of 20 volunteer smokers with Fagerström test nicotine dependence
(FTND) before and after 1 and 2 month coffee for smoking cessation consumption.
Fagerström test (FTND)
First cigarette of the day
Smoking refrained-feeling
The most unpleasant cigarette
How many cigarettes/day you smoke
More smoking in the first hours of waking
Smoking needed in the sickness bed
Total score
Before
consumption
2.35±0.59
1.00±0.00
0.90±0.31
1.00±0.46
0.80±0.41
0.60±0.50
6.35±1.14
After 1 month
consumption
1.80±0.77
0.70±0.47
0.70±0.47
0.90±0.55
0.70±0.47
0.30±0.47
5.10±1.97
After 2 months
consumption
1.25±0.72
0.40±0.50
0.50±0.51
0.50±0.69
0.50±0.51
0.20±0.41
3.35±2.32
Note: How to score Fagerström Test (FTND)
1) How soon after you wake up do you have your first cigarette?
Within 5 minutes (3), 6 to 30 minutes (2), 31-60 minutes (1), after 60 minutes (0)
2) Do you find it difficult to refrain from smoking in places where it is forbidden such as church, the library or movie theaters?
Yes (1), No (0)
3) Which cigarette would you hate most to give up?
The first one in the morning (1), All others (0)
4) How many cigarettes do you smoke? (20 cigarettes per pack)
10 or less (0), 11-20 (1), 21-30 (2), 31 or more (3)
5) Do you smoke more frequently during the first hours after waking than the rest of the day?
Yes (1), No (0)
6) Do you smoke if you are so ill that you are in bed most of the day?
Yes (1), No (0)
Scoring evaluation: >6 High addiction, 5 Medium addiction, <4 Low addiction.
132
Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.7 (3&4), July-October 2009
Acknowledgements
This study was grant supported by Krabi provincial promotion
program on medical hub of Asia 2006.
References
1
Chou, T. M. and Benowitz, N. L. 1994. Caffeine and coffee: Effects on
health and cardiovascular disease. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C
Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol. 109(2):173-189.
2
Lee, H. J. and Lee, J. H. 2005. Effects of medicinal herb tea on the
smoking cessation and reducing smoking withdrawal symptoms.
Am.J.Clin.Med. 33(1):127-138.
3
Nawrot, P., Jordan, S., Eastwood, J., Rotstein, J., Hugenholtz, A. and
Feeley, M. 2003. Effects of caffeine on human health. Food
Addit.Contam. 20(1):1-30.
4
Zillich, A. J., Ryan, M., Admas, A., Yeager, B. and Farris, K. 2002.
Effectiveness of a pharmacist-based smoking cessation program and
its impact on quality of life. Pharmacotherapy 26(6):759-765.
5
Bertin, C., Zunino, H. and Pittet, J. C. 2001. A doubleblind evaluation of
the activity of an anti-cellulite product containing retinol, caffeine, and
ruscogenine by a combination of several non-invasive methods.
J.Cosmet.Sci. 52:199–210.
6
Radzius, A., Moolchan, E. T., Henningfield, J. E., Heishman, S. J. and
Gallo, J. J. 2001. A factor analysis of the Fagerström tolerance
questionnaire. Addict. Behav. 26(2):303-310.
7
Katz, S. N. 1987. Decaffeination of coffee. In Clarke, R. J. and Macrae,
R. (eds). Coffee. Vol. 2. Technology. Elsevier, London.
8
Potard, G., Laugel, C., Baillet, A., Schaefer, H. and Marty, J. P.
1999.Quantitative HPLC analysis of sunscreens and caffeine during in
vitro percutaneous penetration studies. Int. J. Pharm. 189:249-260.
9
http://www.sasuk12.com/spaknam/program/g63.html.
Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.7 (3&4), July-October 2009
133