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ĐẠI HỌC KINH TẾ TP. HỒ CHÍ MINH – UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HCMC
CHƯƠNG TRÌNH VIỆT NAM – HÀ LAN ĐÀO TẠO CAO HỌC KINH TẾ PHÁT TRIỂN
VIETNAM – THE NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A.
IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS
YÊU CẦU KIỂM TRA ĐẦU VÀO: MÔN KINH TẾ HỌC
Ứng viên dự tuyển chương trình VNP về Kinh tế Phát triển bắt buộc phải dự thi
kiểm tra môn Kinh tế học. Nội dung ôn tập chủ yếu sẽ bao gồm các khái niệm rất căn
bản trong cuốn sách “Principles of Economics” của tác giả Mankiw. Những kiến
thức mang tính khái niệm trong cuốn sách này hầu hết đã được trang bị ở hai năm đầu
tiên của bậc cử nhân của sinh viên các ngành kinh tế, quản trị, ngoại thương, tài chính,
và ngân hàng ở các trường đại học khối kinh tế trong cả nước. Việc thi đầu vào môn
Kinh tế học đã được duy trì từ khoá 1 đến khoá 20 của chương trình Cao học Việt Nam
Hà Lan và sẽ được tiếp tục duy trì cho khoá 21 tuyển sinh vào năm 2014.
MỤC TIÊU ÔN TẬP
Những khái niệm kinh tế học căn bản cần thiết cho kỳ thi tuyển bao gồm các
khái niệm kinh tế vi mô và những khái niệm kinh tế vĩ mô ở bậc đại học. Ứng viên sẽ
tham dự một khóa ôn tập ngắn hạn được tổ chức ngoài giờ hành chính về kinh tế học,
thời gian dự kiến là 48 tiết (tổng cộng 12 buổi). Mục đích của khoá ôn tập là:
 Tóm tắt các nội dung chủ yếu: chương trình ôn tập sẽ giới hạn các chủ đề cần
thiết nhằm tiết kiệm thời gian của các ứng viên tham gia dự tuyển.
 Tạo bước đệm ôn lại các thuật ngữ bằng tiếng Anh để ứng viên dễ dàng theo
học chương trình Cao học được thực hiện hoàn toàn bằng tiếng Anh.
 Tạo bước chuyển tiếp để các ứng viên dễ dàng tiếp cận các kiến thức chuyên
sâu về kinh tế và những môn học chuyên sâu khác như tài chính công ty, tài
chính quốc tế, quản trị rủi ro, hay thẩm định dự án của giai đoạn chính khóa
chương trình cao học Việt Nam – Hà Lan.
NỘI DUNG ÔN TẬP
Nội dung ôn tập không bao gồm toàn bộ nội dung trong cuốn sách mà trọng tâm
bao gồm các chương cụ thể dưới đây:
1. Chapter 3: Interdependence and the Gains from Trade
2. Chapter 4: The market forces of supply and demand
3. Chapter 5: Elasticity and its application
4. Chapter 7: Consumers, Producers and the Efficiency of markets
5. Chapter 10: Externalities
6. Chapter 13: The cost of production
7. Chapter 14: Firms in competitive markets
8. Chapter 15: Monopoly
9. Chapter 16: Monopolistic Competition
10. Chapter 21: The theory of consumer choice
11. Chapter 23: Measuring a nation’s income
12. Chapter 24: Measuring the cost of living
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13. Chapter 28: Unemployment
14. Chapter 29: The monetary system
15. Chapter 30: Money growth and Inflation
16. Chapter 33: Aggregate demand and Aggregate supply
17. Chapter 34: The influence of monetary and fiscal policy on aggregate demand
NỘI DUNG CHÍNH VÀ CÁCH THỨC ÔN TẬP
Ứng viên nên tập trung kiểm tra lại việc hiểu các khái niệm nêu ở các phần cuối
của mỗi chương của cuốn sách (phần này được gọi là Key Concepts.)
Chapter 3: Interdependence and the Gains from Trade
Key concepts:
Absolute advantage
Comparative advantage
Opportunity cost
Exports
Imports
Chapter 4: The market forces of supply and demand
Key concepts:
Market
Inferior good
Equilibrium
Competitive market
Substitutes
Equilibrium price
Quantity demanded
Complements
Equilibrium quantity
Law of demand
Quantity supplied
Surplus
Demand schedule
Law of supply
Shortage
Demand curve
Supply schedule
Law of supply and demand
Normal good
Supply curve
Chapter 5: Elasticity and its application
Key concepts:
Elasticity
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Income elasticity of demand
Price elasticity of supply
Price elasticity of demand
Total revenue
Cross-price elasticity of demand
Chapter7: Consumers, Producers and the Efficiency of markets
Key concepts:
Welfare economics
Cost
Equality
Willingness to pay
Producer surplus
Consumer surplus
Efficiency
Chapter 10: Externalities
Key concepts
Externality
Corrective tax
Internalizing the externality
Coase theorem
Transaction costs
Chapter 13: The cost of production
Key concepts
Total revenue
Total cost
Profit
Explicit costs
Implicit costs
Economic profit
Accounting profit
Production function
Marginal product
Diminishing marginal product
Fixed costs
Variable costs
Average total cost
Average fixed cost
Average variable cost
Marginal cost
Chapter 14: Firms in competitive markets
Key concepts
Competitive market
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Average revenue
Marginal revenue
Sunk cost
Chapter 15: Monopoly
Key concepts
Monopoly
Natural monopoly
Price discrimination
Chapter 16: Monopolistic Competition
Key concepts
Oligopoly
Monopolistic competition
Chapter 21: The theory of consumer choice
Key concepts
Budget constraint
Indifference curve
Marginal rate of substitution
Perfect substitutes
Perfect complements
Normal good
Inferior good
Income effect
Substitution effect
Giffen good
Chapter 23: Measuring a nation’s income
Key concepts
Gross domestic product
Consumption
Investment
Government purchases
Net exports
Nominal GDP
Real GDP
GDP deflator
Chapter 24: Measuring the cost of living
Key concepts
Consumer price index
Inflation rate
Producer price index
Indexation
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Nominal interest rate
Real interest rate
Chapter 28: Unemployment
Labor force
Unemployment rate
Labor-force participation rate
Natural rate of unemployment
Cyclical unemployment
Frictional unemployment
Structural unemployment
Job search
Unemployment insurance
Efficiency wages
Chapter 29: The monetary system
Key concepts
Money
Medium of exchange
Unit of account
Store of value
Liquidity
Commodity money
Fiat money
Currency
Demand deposits
Federal Reserve
Central bank
Money supply
Monetary policy
Reserves
Fractional-reserve banking
Reserve ratio
Money multiplier
Open - market operations
Reserve requirement
Discount rate
Federal funds rate
Chapter 30: Money growth and Inflation
Key concepts
Quantity theory of money
Nominal variables
Real variables
Classical dichotomy
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Monetary neutrality
Velocity of money
Quantity equation
Inflation tax
Fisher effect
Shoesleather costs
Menu cost
Chapter 33: Aggregate demand and Aggregate supply
Key concepts
Recession
Depression
Model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply
Aggregate-demand curve
Aggregate-supply curve
Natural rate of output
Stagflation
Chapter 34: The influence of monetary and fiscal policy on aggregate demand
Key concepts
Theory of liquidity preference
Fiscal policy
Multiplier effect
Crowding-out effect
Automatic stabilizers
Việc tập trung kiểm tra lại các khái niệm nêu ở phần “Key concepts” sẽ giúp cho ứng
viên tiết kiệm thời gian, và những khái niệm này sẽ giúp chúng ta thuận lợi hơn trong
quá trình chính khoá của chương trình cao học được giảng dạy chuyên sâu bằng tiếng
Anh.
CÁCH THỨC KIỂM TRA
Ứng viên chủ yếu trả lời theo kiểu trắc nghiệm, hàng năm trong kỳ thi tuyển sẽ
có khoảng 40 câu trắc nghiệm kiểm tra kiến thức của các ứng viên ở phần “Key
concepts” ở các nội dung đã nêu.
Ứng viên sẽ trình bày ý tưởng tóm tắt những câu hỏi mở liên quan đến kinh tế
Việt Nam trong thời gian gần nhất. Những chủ đề này trong năm 2014 có thể bao gồm
các chủ đề thời sự ở Việt Nam như: lạm phát, tăng trưởng xanh, chính sách tiền tệ,
ngoại thương, đầu tư nước ngoài, tái cấu trúc thị trường tài chính, môi trường, biến đổi
khí hậu…Các ứng viên sẽ được cung cấp trước những tư liệu liên quan đến các chủ đề
“nóng” của nền kinh tế liên quan đến câu hỏi mở đã nêu để có thời gian chuẩn bị trước
khi dự thi. Tuy nhiên câu hỏi mở liên quan đến chủ đề sẽ hoàn toàn được giữ kín cho
đến lúc thi tuyển chính thức môn Kinh Tế Học.
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ĐỀ THI CÁC NĂM TRƯỚC
Ứng viên có thể liên hệ chương trình cao học Việt Nam – Hà Lan để mua tài
liệu ôn tập và các đề thi của các khoá trước. Phần dưới đây là đề thi của khoá 21 năm
2014 để tham khảo trực tiếp.
ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS IN ECONOMICS
Multiple Choice Questions
Exam Code: 236 – Exam time: 90 minute
Q. 1: Food and clothing tend to have
a. large income elasticities because they are relatively inexpensive.
b. small income elasticities because consumers buy proportionately more of both goods at higher income levels
than they buy at low income levels.
c. small income elasticities because consumers, regardless of their incomes, choose to buy relatively constant
quantities of these goods.
d. large income elasticities because they are necessities.
Q. 2: Refer to the Figure below:
Which of the following would most likely have caused the production possibilities frontier to shift outward from
A to B?
a. an increase in the availability of capital-producing resources
c. a general technological advance
b. a decrease in unemployment
d. a technological advance in the
consumer-goods industries
Q. 3: Beef is a normal good. You observe that both the equilibrium price and quantity of beef have fallen over
time. Which of the following explanations would be most consistent with this observation?
a. The price of chicken has risen and the price of steak sauce has fallen.
b. Consumers have experienced an increase in income and beef-production technology has improved.
c. The demand curve for beef must be positively sloped.
d. New medical evidence has been released that indicates a negative correlation between a person’s beef
consumption and his or her longevity.
Q. 4: Suppose roses are currently selling for $40.00 per dozen, while the equilibrium price of roses is $30.00
per dozen. We would expect a
a. shortage to exist and the market price of roses to decrease.
c. shortage to exist and the market price of
roses to increase.
b. surplus to exist and the market price of roses to increase.
d. surplus to exist and the market price of
roses to decrease.
Q. 5: When the nation of Econoland allows trade and becomes an exporter of televisions,
a. residents of Econoland who produce televisions become worse off; residents of Econoland who buy
televisions become better off; and the economic well-being of Econoland falls.
b. residents of Econoland who produce televisions become better off; residents of Econoland who buy
televisions become worse off; and the economic well-being of Econoland falls.
c. residents of Econoland who produce televisions become better off; residents of Econoland who buy televisions
become worse off; and the economic well-being of Econoland rises.
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d. residents of Econoland who produce televisions become worse off; residents of Econoland who buy
televisions become better off; and the economic well-being of Econoland rises.
Q. 6: There are very few, if any, good substitutes for motor oil. Therefore,
a. the demand for motor oil would tend to respond strongly to changes in prices of other goods.
b. the supply of motor oil would tend to respond strongly to changes in people’s tastes for large cars relative to
their tastes for small cars.
c. the demand for motor oil would tend to be inelastic.
d. the demand for motor oil would tend to be elastic.
Q. 7: What will happen to the equilibrium price and quantity of new cars if the price of gasoline rises, the price
of steel rises, public transportation becomes cheaper and more comfortable, and auto-workers negotiate higher
wages?
a. Price will rise and the effect on quantity is ambiguous.
c. Quantity will rise and the effect on
price is ambiguous.
b. Quantity will fall and the effect on price is ambiguous.
d. Price will fall and the effect on
quantity is ambiguous.
Q. 8: If the world price of textiles is higher than Vietnam’s domestic price of textiles without trade, then
Vietnam
a. should refrain altogether from producing textiles.
c. should import textiles.
b. should produce just enough textiles to meet its domestic demand. d. has a comparative advantage in
textiles.
Q. 9: Suppose a producer is able to separate customers into two groups, one having an inelastic demand and the
other having an elastic demand. If the producer's objective is to increase total revenue, she should
a. increase the price charged to customers with the elastic demand and decrease the price charged to customers
with the inelastic demand.
b. increase the price for both groups of customers.
c. charge the same price to both groups of customers.
d. decrease the price charged to customers with the elastic demand and increase the price charged to customers
with the inelastic demand.
Q. 10: Which of the following expressions is valid for the price elasticity of demand?
 Q1  Q2  /  Q2  Q1  / 2 
a. Price elasticity of demand =
 P1  P2  /  P2  P1  / 2 
 Q2  Q1  /  Q1  Q2  / 2 
Price elasticity of demand =
 P2  P1  /  P1  P2  / 2 
b.
 P1  P2  /  P2  P1  / 2 
Price elasticity of demand =
 Q1  Q2  /  Q2  Q1  / 2 
c.
 P2  P1  /  P1  P2  / 2 
Price elasticity of demand =
 Q2  Q1  /  Q1  Q2  / 2 
d.
Q. 11: To increase living standards, public policy should
a. move workers into jobs directly from high school.
b. ensure a greater degree of equity, taking all income-earners into account.
c. ensure that workers are well educated and have the necessary tools and technology.
d. make unemployment benefits more generous.
Q. 12: Let L represent the number of workers hired by a firm and let Q represent that firm's quantity of output.
Assume two points on the firm's production function are (L = 12, Q = 122) and (L = 13, Q = 132). Then the
marginal product of the 13th worker is
a. 132 units of output.
b. 10 units of output.
c. 122 units of output.
d. 8 units of output.
Q. 13: Given the market for illegal drugs, when the government is successful in reducing the flow of drugs into
the United States,
a. supply decreases, demand increases, and price increases substantially as a result.
b. supply decreases, demand is unaffected, and price increases.
c. demand decreases, supply is unaffected, and price decreases.
d. demand and supply both decrease, leaving price essentially unchanged.
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Q. 14: When there is a technological advance in the ice cream industry, consumer surplus in that market will
a. not change, since technology affects producers and not consumers.
c. decrease.
b. increase.
d. not change, since consumers’ willingness to pay is unaffected by the
technological advance.
Q. 15: Refer to the Figure below:
Which of the curves is most likely to represent average fixed cost?
a. A
b. D
c. C
d. B
Q. 16: For a seller, which of the following quantities are not positively related?
a. the price of the good and the seller's profit
c. the seller's profit and quantity supplied
b. the seller's profit and production costs
d. the price of the good and quantity
supplied
Q. 17: A typical society strives to get the most it can from its scarce resources. At the same time, the society
attempts to distribute the benefits of those resources to the members of the society in a fair manner. In other
words, the society faces a tradeoff between
a. efficiency and equity.
b. work and leisure.
c. guns and butter.
d. inflation and unemployment.
Q. 18: Refer to the Figure below:
A binding price ceiling is shown in
a. both panel (a) and panel (b).
c. panel (a) but not panel (b).
b. panel (b) but not panel (a).
d. neither panel (a) nor panel (b).
Q. 19: If education produces external benefits for society, which of the following might NOT be an appropriate
policy for society to adopt regarding education?
a. public subsidies of education
c. mandatory minimum levels of education
b. tax incentives for schooling
d. programs which promote the hiring of high school
dropouts
Q. 20: Refer to the Figure below:
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Ben has a comparative advantage in
a. both goods and Jerry has a comparative advantage in neither good.
b. ice cream and Jerry has a comparative advantage in cones.
c. cones and Jerry has a comparative advantage in ice cream.
d. neither good and Jerry has a comparative advantage in both goods.
Q. 21: Fiscal policy refers to the idea that aggregate demand is changed by changes in
a. the money supply.
b. government spending and taxes.
c. trade policy.
d. All of the above are correct.
Q. 22: Let 2004 be the base year; then
CPI in 2005  CPI in 2004
 100.
a. Inflation rate in 2005 =
CPI in 2005
CPI in 2005  CPI in 2004
 100.
Inflation rate in 2005 =
CPI in 2004
b.
Inflation rate in 2005 =
CPI in 2004  CPI in 2005
 100.
CPI in 2005
Inflation rate in 2005 =
CPI in 2004  CPI in 2005
 100.
CPI in 2004
c.
d.
Q. 23: Suppose that the United States unexpectedly decided to pay off its debt by printing new money. Which
of the following would happen?
a. People who had lent money at a fixed interest rate would feel poorer.
c. Prices would rise.
b. People who held money would feel poorer.
d. All of the above are correct.
Q. 24: Which of the following serves as an example of the underground or “shadow” economy?
a. A teenager babysits regularly and fails to report her income.
c. A man sells illegal drugs and fails to
report his income.
b. A woman barters home repairs with her neighbor.
d. All of the above are correct.
Q. 25: Recession come at
a. irregular intervals. During recessions consumption spending falls relatively more than investment spending.
b. regular intervals. During recessions consumption spending falls relatively more than investment spending.
c. irregular intervals. During recessions investment spending falls relatively more than consumption spending.
d. regular intervals. During recessions investment spending falls relatively more than consumption spending.
Q. 26: If the unemployment rate rises, which policies would be appropriate to reduce it?
a. increase the money supply, cut taxes
c. increase the money supply, increase taxes
b. decrease the money supply, increase taxes
d. decrease the money supply, cut taxes
Q. 27: Recessions are associated with which of the following?
a. falling profits
b. increased bankruptcies
c. falling output
d. All of the above are correct.
Q. 28: If the government raises government expenditures, in the short run, prices
a. rise and unemployment falls.
c. and unemployment rise.
b. and unemployment fall.
d. fall and unemployment rises.
Q. 29: Fluctuations in employment and output result from changes in
a. neither aggregate demand nor aggregate supply.
c. aggregate demand and aggregate supply.
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b. aggregate demand only.
d. aggregate supply only.
Q. 30: Which of the following explains why production rises in most years?
a. increases in the labor force
c. increases in the capital stock
b. advances in technological knowledge
d. All of the above are correct.
Q. 31: Which of the following is the correct way to figure the future value of $100 put in an account that earns
4 percent for 10 years?
a. $100(1 + .04 × 10)
c. $100(1 + .0410)
d. $100 x 10 x (1 + .04)
b. $100(1 + .04)10
Q. 32: The Economic Development Minister of a country has a list of things she thinks may explain her
country's low growth of real GDP per person relative to other countries. She asks you to pick the one you think
most likely explains her country's low growth. Which of the following contributes to low growth?
a. outward oriented trade policies.
c. policies that permit foreign investment.
b. poorly enforced property rights.
d. All of the above are correct.
Q. 33: If there is a trade deficit, then
a. saving is less than domestic investment and Y < C + I + G.
b. saving is greater than domestic investment and Y > C + I + G.
c. saving is greater than domestic investment and Y < C + I + G.
d. saving is less than domestic investment and Y > C +I + G.
Q. 34: Suppose a small economy produces only cheese and fish. In 2005, 20 units of cheese are sold at $5 each,
and 8 units of fish are sold at $50 each. In 2004, the base year, the price of cheese was $10 per unit, and the price
of fish was $75 per unit. For 2005,
a. nominal GDP is $800, real GDP is $500, and the GDP deflator is 160.
b. nominal GDP is $500, real GDP is $800, and the GDP deflator is 62.5.
c. nominal GDP is $500, real GDP is $800, and the GDP deflator is 160.
d. nominal GDP is $800, real GDP is $500, and the GDP deflator is 62.5.
Q. 35: In the equation Y = C + I + G + NX,
a. all of the variables are always positive numbers. c. C represents household expenditures on services and
durable goods.
b. Y represents the economy’s total expenditure.
d. All of the above are correct.
Q. 36: The slope of the production function with capital per worker on the horizontal axis and output per
worker on the vertical axis
a. is negative and gets steeper as capital per worker rises.
c. is negative and gets flatter as capital per worker
rises.
b. is positive and gets flatter as capital per worker rises.
d. is positive and gets steeper as capital per
worker rises.
Q. 37: Suppose that a new government is elected in Tempestia. The new government takes steps toward
improving the court system and reducing government corruption. The citizens of Tempestia find these efforts
credible and outsiders believe these changes will be effective and long lasting. These changes will probably
a. raise neither productivity nor real GDP per person in Tempestia.
c. raise real GDP per person but not
productivity in Tempestia.
b. raise real GDP per person and productivity in Tempestia.
d. raise productivity but not real GDP per
person in Tempestia.
Q. 38: In a certain economy in 2005, government purchases exceeded investment by $2,000; investment
amounted to 1/6 of GDP; consumption amounted to 1/2 of GDP; and the economy’s imports exceeded its exports
by $500. It follows that GDP amounted to
a. $9,000.
b. $4,500.
c. $10,500.
d. $7,500.
Q. 39: Refer to the Figure:
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If the money supply is MS2 and the value of money is 2,
a. the quantity of money supplied is greater than the quantity of money demanded.
b. the price level is higher than its equilibrium level.
c. the value of money is less than its equilibrium level.
d. the quantity of money demanded is greater than the quantity of money supplied.
Q. 40: An important difference between the GDP deflator and the consumer price index is that
a. the GDP deflator reflects the prices of all final goods and services produced by a nation's citizens, whereas the
consumer price index reflects the prices of final goods and services bought by consumers.
b. the GDP deflator reflects the prices of all final goods and services produced domestically, whereas the
consumer price index reflects the prices of some goods and services bought by consumers.
c. the GDP deflator reflects the prices of goods and services bought by producers, whereas the consumer price
index reflects the prices of goods and services bought by consumers.
d. the GDP deflator reflects the prices of all goods and services bought by producers and consumers, whereas the
consumer price index reflects the prices of final goods and services bought by consumers.
SECTION 2: ESSAYQUESTIONS
1.1 Explain the difference between absolute advantage and comparative advantage?
1.2 What is the difference between monetary policy and fiscal policy?
2.1 Using a supply-demand diagram, show a labor market with a binding minimum wage which is higher than
Equilibrium wage. Now, use the diagram to show those who are helped by the minimum wage, and those
who are hurt by the minimum wage.
2.2 The table below uses data for the year 2003 provided by the BLS and adjusted to be comparable to U.S. data.
All values are in thousands. Fill in the blank entries in the table. Show your work!
Country
Japan
France
Germany
Adult
Population
109,474
70,159
Labor
Force
26,870
39,591
Employed
62,510
Unemployed
3,500
2,577
Unemployment
Rate
Labor-Force
Participation
Rate
57.41
9.69
3. Discuss why GDP growth in Vietnam has been slow in the recent years and advise which policies that
government should do to improve the economic growth in the coming years?
Hints: you could discuss the performance of investment, exports, and government expenditure.
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4. Discuss how the government improves investment conditions in order to maintain Vietnam being a good
destination for foreign investors?
Hints: you may discuss some important areas such as hard infrastructure (ie: transportation system, electricity . .
.), education as well as skill labor force, and administration of the government sector. . .
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