Download VNP – Chương trình duy nhất cấp bằng MDE tại Việt Nam YÊU CẦU

ĐẠI HỌC KINH TẾ TP. HỒ CHÍ MINH – UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HCMC
CHƯƠNG TRÌNH VIỆT NAM – HÀ LAN ĐÀO TẠO CAO HỌC KINH TẾ PHÁT TRIỂN
VIETNAM – THE NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A.
IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS
––
VNP – Chương trình duy nhất cấp bằng MDE tại Việt Nam
YÊU CẦU KIỂM TRA ĐẦU VÀO: MÔN KINH TẾ HỌC
Ứngứng viên dự tuyển chương trình VNP về Kinh tế Phát triển bắt buộc phải dự
thi kiểm tra môn Kinh tế học. Nội dung ôn tập chủ yếu sẽ bao gồm các khái niệm rất
căn bản trong cuốn sách “Principles of Economics” của tác giả Mankiw. Những kiến
thức mang tính khái niệm trong cuốn sách này hầu hết đã được trang bị ở hai năm đầu
tiên của bậc cử nhân của sinh viên các ngành kinh tế, quản trị, ngoại thương, tài chính,
và ngân hàng ở các trường đại học khối kinh tế trong cả nước. Việc thi đầu vào môn
Kinh tế học đã được duy trì từ khoá 1 đến khoá 19 của chương trình Cao học Việt Nam
Hà Lan và sẽ được tiếp tục duy trì cho khoá 20 tuyển sinh vào năm 2013.
MỤC TIÊU ÔN TẬP
Những khái niệm kinh tế học căn bản cần thiết cho kỳ thi tuyển bao gồm các
khái niệm kinh tế vi mô và những khái niệm kinh tế vĩ mô ở bậc đại học. Ứng viên sẽ
tham dự một khóa ôn tập ngắn hạn được tổ chức ngoài giờ hành chính về kinh tế học,
thời gian dự kiến là 48 tiết (tổng cộng 12 buổi). Mục đích của khoá ôn tập là:
 Tóm tắt các nội dung chủ yếu: chương trình ôn tập sẽ giới hạn các chủ đề cần
thiết nhằm tiết kiệm thời gian của các ứng viên tham gia dự tuyển.
 Tạo bước đệm ôn lại các thuật ngữ bằng tiếng Anh để ứng viên dễ dàng theo
học chương trình Cao học được thực hiện hoàn toàn bằng tiếng Anh.
 Tạo bước chuyển tiếp để các ứng viên dễ dàng tiếp cận các kiến thức chuyên
sâu về kinh tế và những môn học chuyên sâu khác như tài chính công ty, tài
chính quốc tế, quản trị rủi ro, hay thẩm định dự án của giai đoạn chính khóa
chương trình cao học Việt Nam – Hà Lan.
NỘI DUNG ÔN TẬP
Nội dung ôn tập không bao gồm toàn bộ nội dung trong cuốn sách mà trọng tâm
bao gồm các chương cụ thể dưới đây:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Chapter 3: Interdependence and the Gains from Trade
Chapter 4: The market forces of supply and demand
Chapter 5: Elasticity and its application
Chapter7: Consumers, Producers and the Efficiency of markets
Chapter 10: Externalities
Chapter 13: The cost of production
Chapter 14: Firms in competitive markets
Chapter 15: Monopoly
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9. Chapter 16: Monopolistic Competition
10. Chapter 21: The theory of consumer choice
11. Chapter 23: Measuring a nation’s income
12. Chapter 24: Measuring the cost of living
13. Chapter 28: Unemployment
14. Chapter 29: The monetary system
15. Chapter 30: Money growth and Inflation
16. Chapter 33: Aggregate demand and Aggregate supply
17. Chapter 34: The influence of monetary and fiscal policy on aggregate demand
NỘI DUNG CHÍNH VÀ CÁCH THỨC ÔN TẬP
Ứng viên nên tập trung kiểm tra lại việc hiểu các khái niệm nêu ở các phần cuối
của mỗi chương của cuốn sách (phần này được gọi là Key Concepts.)
Chapter 3: Interdependence and the Gains from Trade
Key concepts:
Absolute advantage
Comparative advantage
Opportunity cost
Exports
Imports
Chapter 4: The market forces of supply and demand
Key concepts:
Market
Inferior good
Equilibrium
Competitive market
Substitutes
Equilibrium price
Quantity demanded
Complements
Equilibrium quantity
Law of demand
Quantity supplied
Surplus
Demand schedule
Law of supply
Shortage
Demand curve
Supply schedule
Law of supply and demand
Normal good
Supply curve
2
Chapter 5: Elasticity and its application
Key concepts:
Elasticity
Income elasticity of demand
Price elasticity of supply
Price elasticity of demand
Total revenue
Cross-price elasticity of demand
Chapter7: Consumers, Producers and the Efficiency of markets
Key concepts:
Welfare economics
Cost
Equality
Willingness to pay
Producer surplus
Consumer surplus
Efficiency
Chapter 10: Externalities
Key concepts
Externality
Corrective tax
Internalizing the externality
Coase theorem
Transaction costs
Chapter 13: The cost of production
Key concepts
Total revenue
Total cost
Profit
Explicit costs
Implicit costs
Economic profit
Accounting profit
Production function
Marginal product
Diminishing marginal product
Fixed costs
Variable costs
Average total cost
Average fixed cost
Average variable cost
Marginal cost
3
Chapter 14: Firms in competitive markets
Key concepts
Competitive market
Average revenue
Marginal revenue
Sunk cost
Chapter 15: Monopoly
Key concepts
Monopoly
Natural monopoly
Price discrimination
Chapter 16: Monopolistic Competition
Key concepts
Oligopoly
Monopolistic competition
Chapter 21: The theory of consumer choice
Key concepts
Budget constraint
Indifference curve
Marginal rate of substitution
Perfect substitutes
Perfect complements
Normal good
Inferior good
Income effect
Substitution effect
Giffen good
Chapter 23: Measuring a nation’s income
Key concepts
Gross domestic product
Consumption
Investment
Government purchases
Net exports
Nominal GDP
Real GDP
GDP deflator
Chapter 24: Measuring the cost of living
Key concepts
Consumer price index
4
Inflation rate
Producer price index
Indexation
Nominal interest rate
Real interest rate
Chapter 28: Unemployment
Labor force
Unemployment rate
Labor-force participation rate
Natural rate of unemployment
Cyclical unemployment
Frictional unemployment
Structural unemployment
Job search
Unemployment insurance
Efficiency wages
Chapter 29: The monetary system
Key concepts
Money
Medium of exchange
Unit of account
Store of value
Liquidity
Commodity money
Fiat money
Currency
Demand deposits
Federal Reserve
Central bank
Money supply
Monetary policy
Reserves
Fractional-reserve banking
Reserve ratio
Money multiplier
Open - market operations
Reserve requirement
Discount rate
Federal funds rate
Chapter 30: Money growth and Inflation
Key concepts
Quantity theory of money
Nominal variables
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Real variables
Classical dichotomy
Monetary neutrality
Velocity of money
Quantity equation
Inflation tax
Fisher effect
Shoesleather costs
Menu cost
Chapter 33: Aggregate demand and Aggregate supply
Key concepts
Recession
Depression
Model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply
Aggregate-demand curve
Aggregate-supply curve
Natural rate of output
Stagflation
Chapter 34: The influence of monetary and fiscal policy on aggregate demand
Key concepts
Theory of liquidity preference
Fiscal policy
Multiplier effect
Crowding-out effect
Automatic stabilizers
Việc tập trung kiểm tra lại các khái niệm nêu ở phần “Key concepts” sẽ giúp cho ứng
viên tiết kiệm thời gian, và những khái niệm này sẽ giúp chúng ta thuận lợi hơn trong
quá trình chính khoá của chương trình cao học được giảng dạy chuyên sâu bằng tiếng
Anh.
CÁCH THỨC KIỂM TRA
Ứng viên chủ yếu trả lời theo kiểu trắc nghiệm, hàng năm trong kỳ thi tuyển sẽ
có khoảng 40 câu trắc nghiệm kiểm tra kiến thức của các ứng viên ở phần “Key
concepts” ở các nội dung đã nêu.
Ứng viên sẽ trình bày ý tưởng tóm tắt những câu hỏi mở liên quan đến kinh tế
Việt Nam trong thời gian gần nhất. Những chủ đề này trong năm 2013 có thể bao gồm
các chủ đề thời sự ở Việt Nam như: lạm phát, tăng trưởng xanh, chính sách tiền tệ,
ngọai thương, đầu tư nước ngoài, tái cấu trúc thị trường tài chính, môi trường, biến đổi
khí hậu…Các ứng viên sẽ được cung cấp trước những tư liệu liên quan đến các chủ đề
6
“nóng” của nền kinh tế liên quan đến câu hỏi mở đã nêu để có thời gian chuẩn bị trước
khi dự thi. Tuy nhiên câu hỏi mở liên quan đến chủ đề sẽ hoàn toàn được giữ kín cho
đến lúc thi tuyển chính thức môn Economics.
ĐỀ THI CÁC NĂM TRƯỚC
Ứng viên có thể liên hệ địa chỉ của chương trình cao học Việt Nam – Hà Lan để
mua tài liệu ôn tập và các đề thi của nhiều khoá trước. Sau đây, đề thi của khoá 19 năm
2012 sẽ kèm theo để tham khảo trực tiếp.
VIETNAMESE-NETHERLANDS MASTER PROGRAMME
IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS
UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY
ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS in ECONOMICS
2012
Candidate’name:_______________________________________________
Candidate’number:______________________________________________
Instructions:
1. You MUST write both your name and number on this sheet.
2. You have separate question and answer sheets. You MUST hand in both at the end of
the exam.
3. Make sure that you clearly circle only the correct answer to the multiple-choice
questions. Questions that have more than one answer circled will be considered
incorrect.
4. Included in the answer sheet are 4 essay questions that must be answered in the space
provided.
SECTION ONE- MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Q. 1: If the government imposes a
tax of $3,000 on everyone, the tax would be
A. a consumption tax.
C. a marginal tax.
B. an income tax.
D. a lump-sum tax.
Q. 2: Which of the following statements is correct?
A. Internalizing a negative externality will cause an industry to decrease the Quantity it
supplies to the market and increase the price of the good produced.
B. Internalizing a negative externality will cause an industry to increase the Quantity it
supplies to the market and increase the price of the good produced.
C. Internalizing a negative externality will cause an industry to decrease the Quantity it
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supplies to the market and decrease the price of the good produced.
D. Internalizing a negative externality will cause an industry to increase the Quantity it
supplies to the market and decrease the price of the good produced.
Q. 3: GDP is defined as
A. the market value of all goods and services produced by the citizens of a country,
regardless of where they are living in a given period of time.
B. the market value of all goods and services produced within a country in a given
period of time.
C. the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given
period of time.
D. the market value of all final goods and services produced by the citizens of a country,
regardless of where they are living, in a given period of time.
Q. 4: If people prefer to live in a society without poverty, then fighting poverty can be
thought of as a public good. Why can’t the private sector provide sufficient “poverty
reduction”?
A. Because the Food Stamp program is more efficient than private food pantries run by
charities.
B. The private marketplace can provide a socially optimal Quantity of these programs
with no government interference.
C. Because people who do not donate to private charities can “free ride” off those who
do.
D. Both a and b are correct.
Q. 5: Social security and unemployment insurance benefits are examples of
A.
in-kind transfers.
C.
negative income tax payments.
B.
welfare payments.
D.
property income.
Q. 6: Which of the following statements is not correct?
A. An increase in income for families in poor countries is often associated with an
increase in the number of children attending school.
B. Many young children work in poor countries rather than attend school because
education is not valued in those countries.
C. In the past, most policies aimed at deterring child labor focused on educating the
parents about why their children should not work.
D. When most Americans picture child labor, they think of young children working in
factories. In fact, many young children in poor countries work on family farms.
Q. 7: Refer to the following Figure.
8
When the price ceiling applies in this market and the supply curve for gasoline shifts from S1
to S2, the resulting Quantity of gasoline that is bought and sold is
A. less than Q3.
B. Q3
C. at least Q1.
D. between Q1 and Q3.
Q. 8: Changes in the price of oil
A. created both inflation and recession in Vietnam in 2010.
B. have not contributed much to output fluctuations in the United States.
C. change the economy principally by changing aggregate demand.
D. can only lead to recessions.
Q. 9: Refer to The following Table.
Hours needed to make one:
Car
Japan
U.S.
30
50
Airplane
150
200
The opportunity cost of 1 car for Japan is
A. 1/4 airplane.
B. 4 airplanes.
Amount produced in 2400
hours:
Cars
Airplanes
80
16
48
12
C. 5 airplanes.
D. 1/5 airplane.
Q. 10: Government policies can change the costs and benefits that people face. Those
policies have the potential to
A. produce results that policymakers did not intend.
B. alter people’s decisions at the margin.
C. alter people’s behavior.
D. All of the above are correct.
Q. 11: A common criticism of government programs that are designed to assist the poor is
that
A. they create incentives for people to become "needy."
B. the majority of those below the poverty line refuse to accept government assistance.
C. those who receive assistance rarely meet the criterion for eligibility.
D. they typically account for a majority of annual government expenditures.
Q. 12: Suppose that some people are counted as unemployed when, to maintain
unemployment compensation, they search for work only at places where they are
unlikely to be hired. If these individuals were counted as out of the labor force instead of
as unemployed,
A. the unemployment rate would be lower and the labor-force participation rate would
be higher.
B. both the unemployment rate and labor-force participation rate would be higher.
C. the unemployment rate would be higher and the participation rate would be lower.
D. both the unemployment rate and labor-force participation rate would be lower.
Q. 13: Turkey is an importer of goose-down pillows. The world price of these pillows is $50.
Turkey imposes a $7 tariff on pillows. Turkey is a price-taker in the pillow market. As a
result of the tariff, the price of goose-down pillows in Turkey
A. increases to $57 and the Quantity of goose-down pillows purchased in Turkey
9
decreases.
B. remains at $50 and the Quantity of goose-down pillows purchased in Turkey
decreases.
C. increases to a new price above $57 and the Quantity of goose-down pillows
purchased in Turkey remains the same.
D. increases to a new price between $50 and $57 and the Quantity of goose-down
pillows purchased in Turkey decreases.
Q. 14: Economists differ in their views of the role of the government in promoting economic
growth. According to the text, at the very least, the government should
A. subsidize key industries.
B. lend support to the invisible hand by maintaining property rights and political
stability.
C. limit foreign investment to industries that don't already exist in the country.
D. impose trade restrictions to protect the interests of domestic producers and
consumers.
Q. 15: Refer to the following Figure.
As price falls from PA to PB, which demand curve represents the most elastic demand?
A. D1
B. D2
C. D3
D. All of the above are eQually elastic.
Q. 16: Some poor countries appear to be falling behind rather than catching up with rich
countries. Which of the following could explain the failure of a poor county to catch up?
A. The poor country has outward-oriented trade policies.
B. The poor country allows foreign direct investment.
C. The poor country has poorly developed property rights.
D. All of the above are correct.
Q. 17: You are trying to design a tax system that will simultaneously achieve both of the
following goals: 1) two people with the same total income would pay taxes of the same
amount, and 2) a high-income person would pay a higher fraction of income in taxes than a
low-income person. Which of the following tax systems could achieve both goals?
A.
a lump-sum tax
C.
a proportional tax
B.
a regressive tax
D.
a progressive tax
Q. 18: Which of the following statements about real and nominal interest rates is correct?
A. When the nominal interest rate is rising, the real interest rate is necessarily rising;
when the nominal interest rate is falling, the real interest rate is necessarily falling.
10
B. When the inflation rate is positive, the nominal interest rate is necessarily greater than
the real interest rate.
C. An increase in the real interest rate is necessarily accompanied by either an increase
in the nominal interest rate, an increase in the inflation rate, or both.
D. If the nominal interest rate is 4 percent and the inflation rate is 3 percent, then the real
interest rate is 7 percent.
Q. 19: An associate professor of economics gets a $100 a month raise. She figures that with
her current monthly salary she can't buy as many goods as she could last year.
A. Her real and nominal salary have fallen.
B. Her real salary has risen and her nominal salary has fallen.
C. Her real salary has fallen and her nominal salary has risen.
D. Her real and nominal salary have risen.
Q. 20: If the price elasticity of demand for a good is 1.65, then a 3 percent decrease in price
results in a
A. 1.82 percent increase in the Quantity demanded.
B. 5.55 percent increase in the Quantity demanded.
C. 4.95 percent increase in the Quantity demanded.
D. 0.55 percent increase in the Quantity demanded.
Q. 21: At present, the United States uses a system of Quotas to limit the amount of sugar
imported into the country. Which of the following statements is most likely true?
A. The Quotas are probably the result of lobbying from U.S. consumers of sugar. The
Quotas increase consumer surplus for the United States, reduce producer surplus for
the United States, and harm foreign sugar producers.
B. The Quotas are probably the result of lobbying from foreign producers of sugar. The
Quotas reduce producer surplus for the United States, increase consumer surplus for
the United States, and benefit foreign sugar producers.
C. The Quotas are probably the result of lobbying from U.S. producers of sugar. The
Quotas increase producer surplus for the United States, reduce consumer surplus for
the United States, and harm foreign sugar producers.
D. U.S. lawmakers did not need to be lobbied to impose the Quotas because total surplus
for the United States is higher with the Quotas than without them.
Q. 22: U.S. GDP and U.S. GNP are related as follows:
A. GNP = GDP + Value of exported goods - Value of imported goods.
B. GNP = GDP + Income earned by foreigners in the U.S. - Income earned by U.S.
citizens abroad.
C. GNP = GDP - Income earned by foreigners in the U.S. + Income earned by U.S.
citizens abroad.
D. GNP = GDP - Value of exported goods + Value of imported goods.
Q. 23: Your boss gives you an increase in the number of dollars you earn per hour. This
increase in pay makes
A. your nominal wage increase. If your nominal wage rose by a greater percentage than
the price level, then your real wage also increased.
B. your real wage decrease. If your real wage rose by a greater percentage than the price
level, then your nominal wage decreased.
C. your nominal wage increase. If your nominal wage rose by a greater percentage than
the price level, then your real wage decreased.
D. your real wage increase. If your real wage rose by a greater percentage than the price
11
level, then your nominal wage also increased.
Q. 24: Refer to the following Figure.
As price falls from PA to PB, we could use the three demand curves to calculate three
different values of the price elasticity of demand. Which of the three demand curves
would produce the smallest elasticity?
A. D2
B. D1
C. D3
D. All of the above are eQually
elastic.
Q. 25: Refer to the following Figure.
The economy has the ability to produce at which point or points?
A. D
B. B, D, E
C. D, C
D. A, B, D, E
Q. 26: The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program has been criticized by some
who claim the program
A. encourages “shotgun weddings.”
B. increases the number of poor.
C. increases adult illiteracy rates.
D. All of the above are correct.
Q. 27: Changing the basis of taxation from income earned to amount spent will
A. lower effective interest rates on savings.
12
B. necessarily reduce tax revenues.
C. eliminate disincentives to save.
D. distort incentives to earn income.
Q. 28: Large or persistent inflation is almost always caused by
A. foreign competition.
B. excessive growth in the Quantity of money.
C. excessive government spending.
D. higher-than-normal levels of productivity.
Q. 29: On hot summer days, electricity-generating capacity is sometimes stretched to the
limit. At these times, electric companies may ask people to voluntarily cut back on their
use of electricity. An economist would suggest that
A. it would be more efficient to force everyone to cut their usage of electricity by the
same amount.
B. it would be more efficient if the electric company raised its rates for electricity at
peak times.
C. every electric customer has an incentive to prevent the system from overloading, so
this voluntary approach is the most efficient.
D. it would be more efficient to have a lottery to decide who had to cut back their use of
electricity at peak times.
Q. 30: Which of the following assertions is not correct about the multilateral approach to free
trade?
A. The multilateral approach may have a political advantage over the unilateral
approach.
B. The multilateral approach is simpler than the unilateral approach.
C. NAFTA and GATT are both multilateral approaches to free trade.
D. The multilateral approach has the potential to result in freer trade than does the
unilateral approach.
Q. 31: Sometimes economists disagree because their scientific judgments differ. Which of
the following instances best reflects this source of disagreement?
A. One economist believes income tax cuts are unfair to those with low incomes; another
economist believes income tax cuts are not unfair to those with low incomes.
B. One economist believes the policies of the Democratic party offer the best hope for
America's future; another economist believes the policies of the Republican party
offer the best hope for America's future.
C. One economist believes increases in the minimum wage increase unemployment;
another economist believes increases in the minimum wage do not increase
unemployment.
D. One economist believes unemployment causes more human suffering than does
inflation; another economist believes inflation causes more human suffering than does
unemployment.
13
Q. 32:
Refer to the following Figure.
With trade and without a tariff, the price and domestic Quantity demanded are
A. P1 and Q1.
B. P1 and Q4.
C. P2 and Q2.
D. P2 and Q3.
Q. 33: In economics, capital refers to
A. goods, but not to services.
B. the finances necessary for firms to produce their products.
C. the money households use to purchase firms' output.
D. buildings and machines used in the production process.
Q. 34: A tax system based on the ability-to-pay principle claims that all citizens should
A. pay the same amount in taxes.
B. make an eQual sacrifice.
C. pay taxes based on consumption rather than income.
D. pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government services.
Q. 35: To compute GDP, we
A. take the difference between the market value of all final goods and services and the
cost of producing those final goods and services.
B. add up the wages paid to all workers.
C. add up the market values of all final goods and services.
D. add up the costs of producing all final goods and services.
Q. 36: The Fed can directly protect a bank during a bank run by
A. lending reserves to the bank.
B. selling government bonds to the bank.
C. increasing reserve reQuirements.
D. Doing any of the above.
Q. 37: Which of the following claims is consistent with the views of mainstream
economists?
A. If we increase the rate of inflation from 3 percent to 6 percent, then the rate of
unemployment will temporarily fall.
B. If we increase the rate of inflation from 3 percent to 6 percent, then the rate of
unemployment will permanently rise.
C. If we increase the rate of inflation from 3 percent to 6 percent, then the rate of
14
unemployment will permanently fall.
D. If we increase the rate of inflation from 3 percent to 6 percent, then the rate of
unemployment will temporarily rise.
Q. 38: Which of the following is not a reason why government agencies subsidize basic
research?
A. The social benefit of additional knowledge is perceived to be greater than the cost of
the subsidies.
B. The government wants to attract the brightest researchers away from private research
firms.
C. The private market devotes too few resources to basic research.
D. The general knowledge developed through basic research can be used without charge.
Q. 39: GDP is defined as the market value of all final goods and services produced
A. by the citizens of a country, regardless of where they live, in a given period of time;
this definition focuses on GDP as a measure of total expenditure.
B. within a country in a given period of time; this definition focuses on GDP as a
measure of total income.
C. by the citizens of a country, regardless of where they live, in a given period of time;
this definition focuses on GDP as a measure of total income.
D. within a country in a given period of time; this definition focuses on GDP as a
measure of total expenditure.
Q. 40: Approximately what percentage of the world's economies experience scarcity?
A. 100%
B. 75%
C. 25%
D. 50%
SECTION TWO – ESSAY QUESTIONS
Question 1 (10 marks)
Why do economists usually prefer private ownership to public ownership of natural
monopolies?
Question 2 (10 marks):
Economists agree that increases in the money supply growth rate increase inflation and that
inflation is undesirable. So why have there been high inflations and how have they been
ended?
Question 3 (20 marks)
According to Economist Intelligence Unit (2012) discussed about Vietnam context: “The
tightening of policy in response to high inflation has weakened private consumption and
investment growth, and as a result real GDP growth slowed in 2011, to a relatively sluggish
5.9%. A subdued (repressed) year for the world economy will mean that Vietnam’s growth
rate remains under downward pressure in 2012”
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Please (a) discuss briefly why Vietnam in 2011 as well as in 2012 has faced slow growth, and
(b) which policy options that our government has applied to overcome the slow growth
situation and what are your comments for those policy options?
Question 4 (20 marks)
“The domestic retail price for RON 92 petrol, including value added tax, increased from
VND20,800 to VND22,900 (US$0.99 to $1.09) per litre at 4pm yesterday, according to the
Ministry of Finance (MoF). Diesel prices also experienced a rise of VND1,000, from
VND20,400 to VND21,400 per litre. The oil price rose from VND20,200 to VND20,800 per
litre while that of mazut increased by VND2,000, from VND16,800 to VND18,800 per kilo.
The ministry said it had lowered the import tax on petrol and oil from the current four to zero
as of yesterday.” (Vietnam News, 18/08/2012)
Please briefly (a) discuss that what could be happening for households, firms, government,
and the Vietnam economy if gasoline price rapidly increase? (b) Which policy option you may
advise to the government in order to harmonize benefits among different people when
Vietnam has been facing of higher gasoline price?
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