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Download Exp. No #1 Date: DIODE CLIPPERS AND CLAMPERS OBJECTIVE The purpose
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Transcript
Lab #1 EEE392 Measurements and Analog Circuits Lab Exp. No #1 Date: DIODE CLIPPERS AND CLAMPERS OBJECTIVE The purpose of the experiment is to design and analyze diode clipping, limiting and clamping circuits. Also to measure the voltage limits of both biased and unbiased clipping circuits and to predict the effect of a dc bias voltage on clamping circuits. PRELAB 1. Design and create a SPICE model of positive and negative clippers using diodes with input signal of 5V peak sine wave at 1 kHz and assume suitable reference voltage. Plot the output waveforms and transfer curve. 2. Design and create a SPICE model of limiter circuits using Zener diode and analyze the waveforms. 3. Design and create a SPICE model of positive and negative clampers using diodes with input signal of 5V peak sine wave at 1 kHz and assume suitable reference voltage. Plot the output waveforms and transfer curve. Also vary the load resistance and observe the load limitations. EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS USED 30 MHz Dual Channel Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 3 MHz Function Generator 0-30 V dc dual regulated power supply 4 ½ digit Digital Multimeter 1N4007 Diode 1Z5V6 Zener Diode Resistor 1 kΩ, ¼W Electrolytic Capacitor 10µF/25V Breadboard and Connecting wires BNC Cables and Probes THEORY Clippers Clipper circuits are wave shaping circuits that has the ability to “clip” off a portion of the input signal without distorting the remaining part of the alternating waveform. The half wave rectifier is an example of the simplest form of diode clipper. Depending on the orientation of the diode, the positive or negative region of the input signal is “clipped” off. There are two general categories of clippers: series and parallel. The series configuration is defined as one where the diode is in series with the load, while the parallel variety has the diode in branch parallel to the load. Page Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham, Coimbatore. 13 Lab #1 EEE392 Measurements and Analog Circuits Lab Limiters The limiter sets a “limit” in amplitude of an input signal. Zener diode is used to limit the peak amplitude of the waveform. Clampers The clamper circuit, “clamps” a signal to a different dc level. The network consists of a capacitor, a diode and a resistive element, it can also employ an independent dc supply to introduce an additional shift. The magnitude of R and C must be chosen so that the voltage across the capacitor does not discharge significantly during the interval the diode is non-conducting. The total swing of the output is equal to the total swing of input signal. FURTHER READING 1. Paul Horowitz and Winfeld Hill, ‘The Art of Electronics’, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2nd edition, 1989. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Figure 1: Unbiased Series Positive Clipper Figure 2: Unbiased Series Negative Clipper Figure 3: Biased Shunt Positive Clipper Figure 4: Biased Shunt Negative Clipper Figure 5: Zener diode Limiter Page Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham, Coimbatore. 14 Lab #1 EEE392 Measurements and Analog Circuits Lab Figure 6: Unbiased Negative Clamper Figure 7: Biased Positive Clamper PRACTICE PROCEDURE 1. Unbiased Clippers 1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 1. 2. Apply sine wave of 10Vp-p, 1 kHz from function generator. 3. Observe the input, output waveforms and its transfer characteristics on CRO screen. Repeat for triangle and square waves of same amplitude. Repeat the above steps for Figure 2. Volt/div = Time/div = Graph 1: Input sine wave Volt/div = Time/div = Graph 2: Output waveform Page Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham, Coimbatore. 15 Lab #1 EEE392 Measurements and Analog Circuits Lab Graph 3: Transfer Characteristics (XY mode) Volt/div = Time/div = Graph 4: Input and output waveform for triangle wave Volt/div = Time/div = Graph 5: input and output for square wave Inference ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ Page Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham, Coimbatore. 16 Lab #1 Volt/div = EEE392 Measurements and Analog Circuits Lab Time/div = Graph 6: Output waveform for circuit in fig 2. Volt/div = Graph 8: Time/div = Graph 7: Transfer Characteristics (XY mode) Volt/div = Time/div = Graph 9: Inference ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ Page Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham, Coimbatore. 17 Lab #1 EEE392 Measurements and Analog Circuits Lab 2. Biased Clippers 1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 3. 2. Apply sine wave of 10Vp-p, 1 kHz from function generator and 3 V dc from regulated power supply. 3. Observe the input, output waveforms and its transfer characteristics on CRO screen. Repeat the above steps for Figure 4. Volt/div = Time/div = Graph 10: Output waveform for circuit in fig 3. Volt/div = Graph 11: Transfer Characteristics (XY mode) Time/div = Graph 12: Output waveform for circuit in fig 4. Graph 13: Transfer Characteristics (XY mode) Page Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham, Coimbatore. 18 Lab #1 EEE392 Measurements and Analog Circuits Lab Inference ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Limiters 1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 5. 2. Apply sine wave of 20Vp-p, 1 kHz from function generator. 3. Observe the input, output waveforms and its transfer characteristics on CRO screen. Volt/div = Time/div = Graph 14: Output waveform for circuit in fig 5. Graph 15: Transfer Characteristics (XY mode) Inference ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ Page Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham, Coimbatore. 19 Lab #1 EEE392 Measurements and Analog Circuits Lab 4. Clampers 1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 6. 2. Apply sine wave of 10Vp-p, 1 kHz from function generator. 3. Observe the input and output waveforms on CRO screen. Repeat the above steps for figure 7. Apply 5V dc from regulated power supply. Volt/div = Time/div = Graph 16: Output waveform for circuit in fig 6. Volt/div = Time/div = Graph 17: Output waveform for circuit in fig 7. Inference ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham, Coimbatore. Page 20 Lab #1 EEE392 Measurements and Analog Circuits Lab UNDERSTANDING & LEARNING ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ Page Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham, Coimbatore. 21 Lab #1 EEE392 Measurements and Analog Circuits Lab RESULTS AND CONCLUSION POST LAB INFERENCE 1. How do clipper waveforms differ from those expected if ideal diodes are used? 2. Discuss how lowering of load resistance RL on the clamper circuit affects the output. Prepared by: Name: __________________________________________ Experiment Date: …………… Reg. No.: _________________________ ASSESSMENT Report Submission Date: …………… Student Task Submission Delay: …........ Pre-lab Preparation 15 Performance 10 Observation & Signature Inference Max. Marks Graded Marks 10 Post-lab / Viva-voce 15 Total 50 Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham, Coimbatore. Page 22