Download Phytochemical and Pharmacological activity of Genus Plumeria: An

International Journal of Biomedical And Advance Research
ISSN: 2229-3809 (Online)
Journal DOI:10.7439/ijbar
CODEN:IJBABN
Research Article
Phytochemical and Pharmacological activity of Genus Plumeria: An
updated review
Manjusha Choudhary1, Vipin Kumar*2 and Surender Singh3
1
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra-136119, India
Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Science and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer-305801
3
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India
2
*Correspondence Info:
Dr. Vipin Kumar
Associate Professor,
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra-136119 Haryna, India
E-mail: [email protected],
#
Presently at: Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Science and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer-305801
Abstract
Genus Plumeria (Apocynaceae) contain largely of shrubs or flowering trees which are grown throughout the tropical region
including many parts of India. These plants are well known for their religious value, cosmetic importance and tremendous potential to be
used as medicinal agents to cure infections, digestive diseases, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic action, anti-tumor potential, anti-oxidant
properties etc. In this review article various established facts regarding species of Plumeria have been compiled. The article highlights the
historical findings and present medicinal status of these plants with their potential to be used in the field of drug development in future.
Keywords: Plumeria, Herbal Drugs, Frangipani
1. Introduction
Since ancient times, plants have been an extensive source of medicine. Vast Research has been conducted in last few decades o n the
plants mentioned in ancient literature or used traditionally. Ornamental plants are grown for decorative purposes in gardens and landscape design
projects, as house plants, for cut flowers and specimen display. Ornamentals and flowers crops are not only grown for the dis play of aesthetic
features, but also have nutritive and medicinal properties. There has been renewed interest in utilizing garden environments having medicinal
value, as therapeutic entities to enhance the process of healing that occurs in healthcare environments. The use of plant compounds for
pharmaceutical purpose has gradually increased in India, about 80% of individuals from developed countries use traditional medicine, which
involves compounds derived from medicinal plants 1. Flowering trees are now being exploited in the traditional medicine and their curative
potentials are well documented.
Genus Plumeria L (Apocynaceae) is well known for topical trees or shrubs which are cultivated as ornamental plants. Various species
of this genus are also known for their medicinal importance 2. Their medicinal properties are often due to their latex which is frequently drastic
and corrosive. P. accuminata, P. alba, P. rubra, P. lancifolea, P. drastic and P. phagidenica are some of the species with medicinal utility. The
plants of Plumeria species are used traditionally as purgatives, in rheumatism, asthma, piles, gonorrhea, blood disorders and tumors 3.
1.1 Species of Plumeria-a brief overview:
Plumeria species are variable in many of their characteristics and numerous hybrids and varities have appeared during the years.
Hence, while one author may recognize more than sixty species, another may reduce them all to seven or eight and claim that the rest a re merely
hybrids and varities4.
Taxonomical classification of genus plumeria5:Kingdom
: Plantae – Plants
Subkingdom
: Tracheobionta – Vascular plants
Superdivision : Spermatophyta – Seed plants
Division
: Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants
Class
: Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons
Subclass
: Asteridae
Order
: Gentianales
Family
: Apocynaceae – Dogbane family
Genus
: Plumeria L. – plumeria
Each of the species of Plumeria bears alternate leaves with different shape, form and growth habits. The leaves of P. alba are quite
narrow and corrugated while P.pudica bear elongated, glossy and dark green colored leaves. P. pudica have non-deciduous and evergreen leaves.
P. obtuse also retains leaves and flowers in winter. Plants produce white, yellow, pink or red flowers that range from two to four inches across.
Plumeria species can be easily propagated from cuttings of leafless stem tips in spring. Tissue culture of cuttings of freshly elongated stems or
aseptically germinated seed is also one of the good techniques for propagation of this genus. For deciduous varieties, prunin g is best
accomplished either in the winter or when cuttings are required. Here are some distinguishing characteristics of some of the medicinally
important Plumeria species:-
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i) Plumeria obtusa is a mainly evergreen tree bearing spreading branches and a rounded dome. Although the common name of the plant is
"Singapore", but its origin is from Colombia. Its height ranges to 8m and circumference to 4m. Leaves are pointed and oval shaped up to the
length of 18cm. During summer–autumn tubular fragrant bearing flowers occur.
ii) Plumeria acuminate is an evergreen or partly deciduous tree up to about 6 meters high. Its leaves are light green in color, elliptical in shape
with acuminate tips, hence the name. The color of the flowers can vary from white to yellow 6.
iii) Plumeria rubra (Plumeria acutifolia) also known as the Common Frangipani is a native of Mexico, Central America, and Venezuela. It is a
tree or shrub with a height ofabout 4m and spread to 4m and more in subtropical regions but can reach upto 10 meters in the tropical region7. It
produces fragrantyellow, red, orange and pink flowers with 5 spreading petals. Leaves are lance or oval shaped, and about 20cm to 30cm l ong.
Leaves also have many different sizes shapes and colors8.
iv) Plumeria alba is a small lacticiferous tree or shrub grows 4.5m high, occasionally grown in the gardens. The plant is mainly grown for its
ornamental and fragrant flowers. Leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate,narrow and corrugated, flowers white, fragrant in corymbose fascicles 9.
2. Geographical distribution:Trees and shrubs belonging to the genus Plumeria are native to New Zealand, Central America, Mexico, the Caribbean, and South
America as far south as Brazil10. P.alba is native from Central America and the Caribbean It is now common and naturalized in southern and
southeastern Asia. P.bracteata is native from Bahia, Brazil. P. obtusa is native from the Greater Antilles, northern Central America and
southern Mexico. It is widely cultivated in tropical climates including eastern Africa, Asia, and Hawai . P.pudica originates from Panama,
Colombia and Venezuela. P.alba has been widely cultivated in subtropical and tropical climates worldwide. It is mainly used as garden and park
plant, as well as also useful in temples and cemeteries in many parts of India11.
3. Historical background
Charles Plumier, a 17th Century French botanist coined the name, Plumeria. But Plumier was not the first to name Plumeria.
Francisco de Mendoza, a Spanish priest was the first who gave the name in 1522.12 When the Plumeria flowers were discovered, their natural
perfume reminded people about the scented gloves and so the flowers were named frangipani. Since then Species of Plumeria have been used
extensively throughout the world, for their medicinal and ornamental value. However the period from early 19th century has been the era of
extensive research with regard to extraction, isolation, structure elucidation and establishment of pharmacological activity of chemical
constituents of plants of Plumeria species. Phytochemical studies on genus of Plumeria started as far back as 1870 when Peckolt and reported the
isolation of the main iridoidglycoside Plumieride from the stem bark of P.rubra and P.lacifolia13.
Table 1.Phytochemical and pharmacological studies up to 1990: S. No.
1.
7.
Scientist
A.Grumbach and
coworkers(1952)
Bencze (1952)
John E. Little and Donald
B Jonstone(1951)
G. Albers Schoenberg & H
Schmid (1960)
G. Albers Schoenberg & H
Schmid(1961)
B. M. Trost& coworkers(1986)
John J. W. &oopen et. al.
8.
Fumico Abe et. al.(1988)
9.
D. A. Yeowell and H.
Schmid(1964)
Y Fugimoto& S. Made
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
10.
11.
Kazmi & coworkers(1989)
Phytochemistry
First reported an irridoid, Fluvoplumerin from P. accutifolia. They determined its empirical formula as
C14H12O4
Determined the constitution of Fluvoplumerin
Isolated a new compound plumericin C15H14O6 MP 212.5-213.5ºC, possessing antimicrobial activity
from the powdered roots of P. multiflora
Reported a new compound namely isoplumericin, mp. 200.5-201.5ºC and βdihydroplumericin, mp 150151ºC along with plumericin from P. rubra and determined their structures through degradative methods.
Reported a new acid-dihydroplumericinic acid from the same source and clarified the constitution and
stereochemistry of this acid along with isoplumericin, βdihydroplumericin and plumericin
suggested a basic strategy towards total synthesis of plumericin along with aiiamcin&alllamandin
Reference
Examined various species of Plumeria and found out that roots of these plants and in particular the root
bark contains the highest concentration of iridoids.
Investigated minor iridoids from the roots of P. acutifolia& isolated 13-O-caffeoylplumeride, 13deoxyplumieride, pluminoside, 1ᾳ -protoplumericin A& 8-isoplumeride
Reported the biosynthesis of plumeride
21
Reported the isolation of two new anti-tumor pentacyclictriterpenes namely plumeric acid and methyl
plumerate from the leaves of P. acutifolia.
Communicated the isolation of a new alkaloid plumerinine from the stem of P. rubra
24
14
15,16
17
18
19
20
22
23
25
Table 2.Pharmacological studies carried out on the plants of species within t he genus plumeria:S. No.
1.
2.
Scientist
Garcia et. al.(1951)
3.
Hall
and
coworkers(1951)
Little et. al.(1951)
4.
5
Grumbachet.al.(1952)
Siddiquiet. al.(1970)
6.
8.
Harrison
et.
al.
(1973)
Ven Den Bergheet.
al.(1973)
Adam et. al.(1979)
9.
10.
Coppenet. al.(1983)
Coppenet. al.(1983)
11.
Fugimotoet. al.(1988)
7.
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Contribution
Studied the bark of P. alba and reported that plumeride present to the extent of 2% is non-toxic, non-irritant to
the conjunctiva and have no effect on respiration and circulation even after intravenous injection. The
glycoside has no direct action on isolated uterine muscles and is ineffective against genous Staphylococcous.
Its purgative action was confirmed in man . Its doses larger than 300 mg are associated with purgation and
diuresis.
Reported that plumericin is bactericidal in high concentrations
Reference
Showed that plumericin is somewhat more active in fungi than in bacteria .It inhibits Micobacterium
tuberculosis
Reported that fulvoplumericin inhibits the growth of various strains of Micobacterium tuberculosis
Communicated the pharmacological study of leaves of P. acutifolia. The water soluble portion was a strong
relaxant of the smooth muscles of isolated rabbit duodenum and isolated guinea pidilium . It also relaxed the
isolated rat uterous and antagonized the uterine contraction response of oxytocin &acetylcholine.
Showed that plumieride has both gram +ve& gram –ve antibiotic activity but no cardiotonic activity on isolated
guina pig preparations
Found out that the extracts of P.rubra are very effective against Coxsackie, Semliki forest and Poliomyelitis
viruses
Communicated that plumieride inhibits the gibberellin induced growth in dwarf peas, dwarf corn & dwarf rice
& also have some inhibitory action on wheet seedlings
Reported the anti-fouling properties of P. rubra
Showed that isoplumericin, plumericin, plumieride, coumarate&plumieridecoumarate glycoside have algicidal
properties
Obtained two new anti-tumour agents namely plumeric acid and methyl plumerate , from the leaves of P.
accutifolia
17
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
24
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4. Chemical Constituents
Iridoid glycosides were the first medicinally active compounds isolated from the species of Plumeria. Subsequently the latex and oil
of some of these species were found to have other medicinally active constituents like sterols, carbohydrates, tannins, triterpenoids and alkal oids.
Similar constituents were subsequently isolated from various extracts of roots and areal parts of these plants in varied comp ositions. Here is a
brief view of bioactive chemical constituents of some of the Plumeria species:1.1. Plumeria rubra: -Bitter glycosides, plumieride, plumeric acid, β-sitosterol, lupeol, plumieride, amyrin and fulvoplumierin. Plumericin,
isoplumericin, 4-hydroxy acetophenone, plumieride, coumarylplumieride and protoplumericine are found to present in the bark of the plant.
Flowers contain essential oil. Roots contain fulvoplumierin, plumericin and three new compounds– isoplumericin, β-dihydroplumericin and βdihydroplumericinic acid.
1.2. Plumeria alba:-Plumeria alba possesses various bioactive constituents such as sterols, carbohydrates, tannins, triterpenoids and iridoid
glycosides. The aerial part of the plant i.e. leaves stems etc are reported to contain steroids, flavonoids and alkaloids 35. The plant is reported to
contain mixture of amyrins, ß sitosterolscopotein, iriddoidsisoplumericin, plumeride, plumeridecoumerate and plumeridecoumerateglucoside 36,37.
The fresh leaves and bark contain pluieride, resinic acid, and fulvoplumierin, a mixture of terpenoids, sterols and plumierid e. Bark of the plant
contains cytotoxic iridoids, fulvoplumierin, allamcin, allamandin, 2,5-dimethoxy-p-benzoquinone, plumericin and lignanliriodinndrin. The root
bark of Plumeria alba shows the presence of iridiods, tannins and alkaloids 38.
1.3. Plumeria acuminata:-Active constituents like steroids, flavanoids, tannins, alkaloids and glycosides are present in Plumeria acuminate39.
During phytochemical studies of the genus Plumeria. The stigmast-7-enol, lupeol carboxylic acid, lupeol acetate and ursolic acid had been
isolated from leaves. Peckolt and Boorsma have successfully isolated Fulvoplummierin, Plumericin along with three new compounds
isoplumericin, β-dihydroplumericin and β-dihydroplumericinic acid from roots of Plumeria acuminata. The steam distillate of Plumeria
acuminata yields an essential oil (0.04-0.07 %) which mainly consist of primary alcohols, geraniol, citronellol, farnesol and phenylethylalchol
with little amount of aldehyde and ketones (6.8 %). These oils have acid value (20.2) and saponification value (123) 40,41.
1.4. Plumeria obtusa:- The areal parts of P.obtusa contain pentacyclictriterpenoids namely kaneroside, oleandrin, α-amyrin, neriucoumaric acid,
isoneriucoumaric acid, alphitolic acid, oleanonic acid, methyl p-E-coumarate and scopoletin hitherto unreported from this source8. Two new and
three known iridoids have been isolated from the fresh, whole spring leaves of P.obtusa. The new iridoids have been characterized as 6’’-Oacetylplumieride p-E-coumarate42,43 and 6”-0-acetylplumieride -p-Z-coumarate 44, while the remaining compounds have been identified as
plumieride, plumieride p-Z-coumarate and plumieride p-E-coumarate44.
5. Some recent pharmacological activities
Different species of Plumeria are used for the cure of rheumatism, diarrhoea, blennorhea, venereal disease, leprosy, psychosis and
diuresis etc. Plumeria species have also been investigated for isolation of irridoids and triterpenoids, which exhibited algicidal, antibacterial and
cytotoxic activities.
5.1 Anti-inflammatory activity
The methanolic extract of Plumeria acuminata exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity on carrageenan-induced edema in both
acute and chronic experimental animal model (45).This was further confirmed by Sameer Rastogi et al46, (2009).
A protease Plumerin-R was isolated from the latex of the plant P.rubra by acetone precipitation method and its anti-inflammatory
activity was evaluated on carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. Four hours after treatment, the reduction in carrageenan-induced rat paw
edema by 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg body weight of Plumerin-R was 21.6, 33.8 and 48.8% respectively47. In another study saponin extract of P. rubra
exhibited a significant reduction in in rat’s paw inflammation48.
The anti-inflammatory activity of a lupine alkaloid Plumerianine isolated from the root bark of P.acutifolia was investigated against
the carrageenan-induced edema and cotton pellet granuloma in albino rats. A dose dependent anti-inflammatory response was observed that may
be attributed to the early phase and late phase inflammatory action49.
5.2 Antibacterial activity
Methanolic extract of leaves of P. acuminate was investigated for their in vitro anti-microbial activities by agar disc diffusion method.
The extract inhibited both gram positive (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureusand micrococcus luteus) and gram negative (Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginos aand salmonella typhimurium) microorganisms50.
The essential oils obtained from the flowers of three Malaysian species of Plumeria, namely P. rubra L., P. acutifoliaPoir.andP.
obtusa L. were analyzed by GC/MS and 27 components were identified. Seven components were separated and identified from P. rubra, 14
components from P. obtusa and 19 components from P. acutifolia. The major components found in all three species are 2-hydroxybenzoic acid
phenylmethyl ester and two alkane hydrocarbons (nanodecane and heneicosane). The antimicrobial properties of the essential oils (at 2 μl per
disk) were determined using agar diffusion method using eight different strains microorganisms- Escherichia coli (Gram negative bacteria),
Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus (Gram positive bacteria), Candida albicans and C. humicola (yeast), and
Trichophytonmentagrophytes, T. rubrum and Microsporumcanis (fungi). The broad spectrum inhibition was exhibited by the essential oil of P.
obtusa. The extract inhibited all tested microorganisms except for E. coli. The largest inhibition zone was shown by the P. obtusa essential oil
against C. humicola51. In another study n-hexane fraction of crude methanolic extract of P. rubra stem bark showed MICs of 13.5, 11.8, 8.5 and
16.9 mg mL-1 and induced a maximum of 91.53, 92.84, 94.69 and 85.29% growth inhibition against S.aureus, E. cloacae , P. aeruginosa and S.
marcescens52. The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of aerial parts of P.albaby using clavenger apparatus possessed significant broad
spectrum antimicrobial activity53.
5.3 Antioxidant properties
Alloxan induced diabetic model in rats was used for evaluation of antioxidant and hypolipidemic activity of the flavone glyco side
isolated from P.rubra L. The treatment showed a significant reduction in serum triglycerideslevel, while serum cholesterol and glucose were
unaltered. Antioxidant activity of the drug was also confirmed through in vitro studies54. In another study the antioxidant activity of methanolic
extract of Plumeria acuminate was evaluated and it was found to be in a dose dependent manner 55.
5.4 Antipyretic Activity
Antipyretic effect of ethanolic extract of the leaf of P.rubra was investigated in an animal study. Pyrexia was induced by
intraperitoneal administration of boiled milk at a dose 0.5 ml/kg body weight in albino rabbit. Subsiquentintraperitoneal administration of
ethanolic extract of the leaf of P.rubra at a dose 200mg/kg body weight significantly reduced the elevated body temperature of rabbit. The results
were comparable to the standard anti-pyretic drug Aspirin56.
Another study was designed to investigate the antipyretic and antinociceptive activity of methanol extract of P.acuminata leaves in
several experimental models. A single oral administration of P.acuminata leaves extract at different doses (100, 250 and 500 mg kg-1) showed
significant reduction in brewer`s yeast induced hyperthermia in rats 57.
5.5 Antitumor activity
Anti tumar property of Plumeria swas known after the isolation of anti-tumor agents namely plumeric acid and methyl plumerate ,
from the leaves of P. accutifolia. In 2009 it was reported that an endophytic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolated from P.acutifolia
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produce a diterpenoid compound namely taxol which possesses anticancer properties 58. Methanolic extract of P.alba leaves was also evaluated
for antitumor using in-vitro cytotoxic and mean survival time, a decrease in the tumor volume and viable cell count in the DLA tumor hosts. The
animals were observed for improvement in the haematological parameters following MPA treatment of the tumor bearing mice and it was
observed that extract exhibited cytotoxicity in the in-vitro model. Extract showed activity by increasing the survival time, dead cell count
haematological parameters and solid tumour mass was also significantly reduced59.
Ethanolic extract of P.rubra at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg were administered orally to Swiss albino mice and its anti tumor
efficacy were compared with 5-Fluorouracil (20 mg/kg/day i.p) for 9 days by determining the tumor volume, tumor cell in experimental animal
models. Extract increased the life span of EAC treated mice and improved the hematological parameters as compared with the EAC bearing
mice60. In a similar study P. Rubra was also found to be cytotoxic61. Hamburger et al reported the active constituents of Plumeria rubra: The
compounds Plumericin and isoplumericin displayed molluscicidal, cytotoxic and antibacterial activity while 4-hydroxyacetophenone was weakly
cytotoxic62. Kardono et al reported the three cytotoxic iridoidsfulvoplumierin, allamcin and allamandin from the bark of P. rubra63.
5.6 Gastroprotective activity
The methanolic extract of Plumeriaobtusafrom the stem barkwas evaluated for gastroprotective activity by pylorus ligationann
indomethacin models. The extract showed activity due to reduction of gastric acid secretion, gastric cytoprotection and p roton pump inhibition
machanism64. Antiulcerogenic property of hydroalcoholicextract and fractions obtained from the leaves of Plumeria alba L wereperformed using
the protocols of ulcer induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ethanol and pylorus ligation. The hydroalcohol extract (200 and 400
mg/kg), ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions (100 and 200mg/kg, p.o.), respectively showed gastric ulcer healing effect in indomethacin-induced
ulcer model. Both EAPA and BPA showed gastric cytroprotective effect in ethanol-induced gastric ulcer and inhibited gastric secretion in pylorus
ligated rats65.
5.7 Antiarthritic activity
The anti-arthritic potential of ethyl acetae and n-butanol fractions (100 and 200mg/kg, p.o.), respectivelyof hydroalcoholic extract
from leaves of P.alba were evaluated in vivo models of rodents by using formaldehyde-induced acute non-immunological and Freund’s Complete
Adjuvant (FCA) induced chronic immunological arthritis in Sprague Dawley rats.Antiarthritic potential of fractions may be due to the protection
of synovial membrane, vascular permeability, prevention of cartilage destruction66.
5.8 Miscellaneous
Ursolic acid from the leaves, plumeric acid from the latex and leaves and Fulvoplumericin from the bark of P. rubra possess local
anesthetic, cardiotonic and becteriostatic activities respectively67. P.rubra containing fulvoplumierin acts as inhibitors of human
immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) revereasetrancriptase 68. Methonlic extract of P.alba showed hepatoprotective action against paracetamol
induced hepatic damage69. The in vitro anti-parasitic activity of chloroform extract of P. bicolor, plumericin and isoplumericin were tested against
promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmaniadonovani using 96 well micro titerplates and showed activity with the IC 50 of 21±2.2 and
14±1.6 μg/ml, respectively. Plumericin showed high activity with the IC 50 of 3.17±0.12 and 1.41±0.03 μM whereas isoplumericin showed the
IC50 of 7.2±0.08 μM and 4.1±0.02 μM against promastigote and amastigote forms, respectively70. In another study Amelia P et. al. isolated four
isolates namely stigmast-7-enol lupeol carboxylic acid , ursolic acid and two others whose structures were not fully elucidated, from the
ethanolic extract of the green leaves of P.acuminata which showed anti-mutagenic activity71. The iridoid, plumieride50, isolated from P. bicolor,
has been recently reported for its antifertility activity72.
Table 3: Phytoconstituents isolated from Plumerias along with their pharmacological activity
Phytoconstituents
Obstusin ,Obstusilic acid, 3 β -Hydroxy-27-[(Z)-p-coumaroyloxy]-urs-12-en-28oic acid, Obtusinin, Obtusilin (¼ 3b-hydroxy-11-oxours-12-en-28-oic acid),
Obtusinidin, Obtusidin, 27-[p-(E)-Coumaroyloxy] ursolic acid, (20Z)-Dammara12,20(22)-dien-3-one Stem, (3 β,20Z)-Dammara-12,20(22)-dien-3-ol Leaves,
(3β)-Olean-12-ene-3, 27-diol, 27-Hydroxyolean-12-en-3-one (¼champalinone),
Oleanolic acid Leaves, Oleanonic , Obtusic acid 73-77
(3β)-3,27-Dihydroxylup-29-ene,Kanerosid, Neriucoumaric acid, Obtusilinin,
Oleandrin, Obtusol77-79
3α)-3,27-Dihydroxyolean-12-ene, ( 6a)-6-Hydroxy-3-epi-oleanolic acid 80
Rubrinol 81
Plumerianine, Grandine A, B & C, Laurelliptine82,83
Demethoxyaspidospermine, Uleine84
(3α)-3,27-Dihydroxyolean-12-ene, ( 6a)-6-Hydroxy-3-epi-oleanolic acid 80
13-Deoxyplumieride, plumenoside, 8-Isoplumieride, 13-O-Caffeoylplumieride 85
Urs-12-en-3-one,(3β)-27-[(Z)-Feruloyloxy]-3-hydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid 74
Uvaol (¼( 3b)-3,28-dihydroxyurs-12-ene) 82
Uvaol (¼( 3b)-3,28-dihydroxyurs-12-ene) 82
Stigmast-7-en-3-ol 86
( 3α)-Cycloart-22-ene-3,25-diol 81
Plumerin R 40
Allamcin, Allamandin87, fulvoplumierin, allamcin, and allamandin, as well as 2,5dimethoxy-p-benzoquinone 88
Plumieride 52
Pharmacological
activity
Treatment
of
hyper
proliferative tissue
Species
Part used
P. obtusa
Leaves, Stem and Bark
Anti-bacterial activity
P. obtusa
Leaves, Stem and Bark
Anti-microbial activity
Anti-mutagenic activity
Anti-inflammatory activity
Cytotoxic activity
P.rubra
P. rubra
P. acutifolea
P. Lancifolia
P. rubra
P. acutifolea
P. obtusa
P. obtusa
P. acutifolia
P. accuminata
P. rubra
P. rubra
P. rubra
Bark
Leaves, Stem and Bark
Leaves
Bark
Bark
Roots
Stem bark
Stem bark
Leaves
Leaves
Leaves
Latex
Stem and bark
Antifertility activity
P. bicolor
6. Conclusion
Our pharmaceutical industry is focused towards the expansion of new innovative/indigenous plant based drugs through examinati on of
leads from traditional system of medicine. In recent years, traditional uses of natural compounds, especiall y of plant origin received much
attention as they are well tested for their efficacy and generally believed to be safe for human use. It is best classical ap proach in the search of
new molecules for management of various diseases. Plumeria species has wide scope to isolate various phytochemical constituent and evaluate
their pharmacological screening to get better therapeutic value.
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