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Bangamukande Education Pack An Activity Based Teaching Pack for 7-13 Year Olds Welcome! …………………………………………………... Welcome to the Bangamukande Education Pack. This pack contains fun, hands-on activities and games to inspire school teachers to educate children about the wildlife and specifically, the primates of Sri Lanka’s Wet Zone. In developing this education pack, it is hoped that local children will be encouraged to do their bit towards wildlife conservation and have lots of fun in the process! Slender loris. Contents …………………………………………………... Activities Campaign posters 1 Classifying leaves 1 Making music! 2 Measuring temperature 4 Origami plant pots 5 Looking at transpiration 7 Primate conservation role play 7 Sounds of the rainforest 8 The rainforest party! 9 Games Animal impressions 10 Beetles 11 Memory 13 Picture match 13 Primate threats board game 15 Run around! 15 What am I? 16 Teacher’s notes Introduction 17 What are rainforests? 18 The water cycle 20 Soil 20 Rainforest ecosystems 21 Food chains 22 Why are the rainforests important? 23 What is an Endangered species? 25 Sri Lanka’s Wet Zone rainforests 26 Why are Sri Lanka’s rainforests threatened? 27 What is the LORRIS reforestation project? 28 Primates 30 Anthropoid or prosimian? 31 Purple-faced leaf monkey 32 Sri Lankan grey langur 36 Toque macaque 39 Slender loris 43 Do primates make good pets? 46 What can you do? 47 Contacts and further information 48 Acknowledgements 50 Certificates Participation certificates can be awarded to the children whenever you feel is most appropriate. Activities …………………………………………………... Campaign posters In this activity the children are asked to design campaign posters to inform their friends and family about the threats facing Sri Lanka’s Wet Zone primates. You will need: • Paper or cardboard • Pens, pencils or paint Remember to make the posters as bright and colourful as possible to catch people’s attention and get the message across! Classifying leaves This activity highlights the diversity of trees and plants living in the rainforest. Collect some leaves from the rainforest floor (be careful to avoid the insects and spiders that live there) and ask the children to group them according to colour, size, texture and shape. The children should be encouraged to really explore the leaves; Are they shiny or dull? What do they smell like? Are they hard or soft? The children should discuss and attempt to explain the similarities and differences between the leaves. They could then draw pictures or even make patterns with the leaves themselves. Fact Over half of Sri Lanka’s endemic flowering plants are found only in the Wet Zone. Making music! In this activity the children should make original musical instruments and then in small groups compose a musical piece or dance about their favourite animal to present to the rest of the class. The children could make a guitar and maracas or come up with their own ideas. To make a guitar you will need: • A cardboard box or plastic tub • A selection of elastic bands 1) Stretch the elastic bands over the opening of the container. 2) Pluck the bands to make guitar sounding music. To make a maraca you will need: • A plastic bottle with a lid • Some dried beans or seeds 1) Fill the plastic bottle with the beans or seeds and screw on the lid. 2) Shake the bottle to make maraca sounding music! Measuring temperature You will need: • A thermometer Tropical rainforests only grow in warm parts of the world. Ask the children to measure the temperature outside the school each day for a week. Older children could make bar charts to show their findings. How do they compare with the average temperatures in other parts of the world? Average temperatures around the world: Sydney 17.5 °C Tokyo 15.6 °C London 11.7 °C New York 10.7 °C Fact Only 8% of Sri Lanka’s Wet Zone rainforest remains! Origami plant pots In this activity the children can contribute towards the LORRIS reforestation project by growing seedlings in their own origami plant pots made out of newspaper. You will need: • A cup • A sheet of newspaper • Masking tape or glue • Soil • Seeds 1) Fold the newspaper into a strip approximately 15cm wide. 2) Position the end of the cup approximately 5cm from the edge of the paper. Roll the strip of paper around the cup and stick down using masking tape or glue. 3) Fold in the overlapping paper so that the end of the cup is covered. Secure with a piece of masking tape or glue. 4) Remove the cup. Fill the pot with soil and plant your seeds. Once the seedling has sprouted two sets of leaves, make a few holes in the sides of the pot and plant it into the ground. Sri Lankan grey langur. Looking at transpiration You will need: • A seedling (above) • A plastic bag Before planting the seedlings, water one really well, cover with a plastic bag and put it on a sunny windowsill. Look inside the bag the next day. What can the children see? Where do the children think the water came from? Primate conservation role play You will need: • Role play cards (provided) In this activity the children should think about the views that different people may have towards the LORRIS reforestation project and Wet Zone primates. 1) Divide the class into five groups. 2) Distribute the role play cards, one to each group. 3) Ask the children to think about their views as the person on the card. 4) Ask the children to act out and explain their opinions as their person. 5) Encourage a class discussion to explore any conflicts and possible solutions. Sounds of the rainforest In this activity, the children are asked to stand in a circle in the rainforest with their teacher, close their eyes and remain silent for 30 seconds. During this time, the children should listen for and recall the different sounds of the rainforest. The children could then discuss what they heard and share their sounds. Can they identify the sounds and reproduce them? Older children could even write a poem or a story about what they heard. Fact The male purple-faced leaf monkey makes a loud hooting call that can be heard many miles away. The rainforest party! You will need: • Paper or cardboard • Pens, pencils or paint Ask the children to choose one Wet Zone primate to invite to the rainforest party. The children can draw, create a model or act out their primate guest. They should make an invitation, describe where they would like to have their party and think about what sort of food each primate would request. Games …………………………………………………... Animal impressions. The children should sit on the floor in a circle. One child is chosen to make a face or do an impression of a particular animal. They should then ‘pass’ it to the person next to them who imitates the impression and passes it along to the next child. Once the impression has travelled all the way around the circle, the children can guess what the animal was. Toque macaque. Beetles You will need: • Coloured beetles cards (provided) Beetles is a great game for explaining food chains, camouflage and the dangers of pollution and insecticides. 1) Hide the coloured ‘beetles’ in an outside location, some in the trees, some on the ground and some in the bushes. 2) Ask the children to get into pairs. Each child is a slender loris and is looking for beetles to eat. 3) Lorises are solitary hunters so the two children must take it in turn to look for beetles and can only pick up one beetle at a time. 4) When all of the beetles have been found, ask the children to count up the number of each coloured beetle they have. Green beetles are tasty. They are slightly harder to find as they have adapted to their environment and use camouflage to hide from predators such as lorises. Red beetles represent insects that have been killed using insecticides. They are now poisonous and may harm the lorises. Remove all of the red beetles from the total. Yellow beetles have been poisoned by pollutants that have been dumped in the local area. Remove all yellow beetles. Ask the children to count their total number of beetles following deductions. The pair with the most beetles are the winners! Memory You will need: • Picture cards (provided) Spread the picture cards face down on a table. The children must take turns trying to win pairs of each card based on their memory of what has already been turned over. When a child finds a pair, they must read out the completed fact and pick up the two cards. Fact 75% of Sri Lanka’s endemic wildlife live in the Wet Zone rainforests. Picture match You will need: • Primate jigsaw puzzles (provided) The pieces of each jigsaw puzzle should be hidden around the classroom or in an outside location. The class should then be divided into four teams – the slender lorises, the toque macaques, the grey langurs, and the purple-faced leaf monkeys. Each team must search for their jigsaw pieces to complete their picture. Purple-faced leaf monkey. Primate threats board game You will need: • Primate threats board game (provided) • A dice (provided) • Coins or seeds for counters This board game is designed to highlight some of the dangers facing primates in Sri Lanka. Instructions for play are on the back of the board. Run around! You will need: • Question sheet (provided) • Lots of energy! In this game the children vote with their feet to Wet Zone themed questions. In an outside location, mark three different areas A, B and C. Shout out a question and a choice of answers, and then, ‘Ready, Steady, GO!’ All the children must run to either A, B or C depending on which answer they think is correct. If the children are standing in the correct place they can remain in the game, all those standing in the wrong place are out. Keep asking the questions until you have only one child left, they are the winner! Fact Only 2% of the Wet Zone is protected! What am I? You will need: • Paper or card • Pens or pencils • Masking tape Select one child and stick the name of a Wet Zone animal on their back without them seeing what it is. They must then ask the other children ‘yes / no’ questions to discover who they are. Teacher’s notes …………………………………………………. Introduction The following key themes are addressed in this section of the education pack: • Rainforests • Consequences of rainforest loss • Rainforest ecosystems • Sri Lanka’s Wet Zone • Threats to Sri Lanka’s Wet Zone rainforests • Primates of the Wet Zone • Primates as pets • Endangered species • What you can do to help These notes are only intended to act as a guide. Please feel free to adapt the activities and lessons to meet your own individual teaching needs and the learning needs of the children. What are rainforests? Tropical rainforests. Tropical rainforests grow in warm and humid places around the world’s equator. They have evolved over millions of years and contain more animals and plants than any other habitat on Earth. Fact Rainforests cover only 5% of the earth’s surface yet contain over 50% of the world’s species. Rainforests contain many different species of plants and trees. Tall trees form a canopy of leaves which block most of the sunlight from the layers below. Even taller trees called emergents, grow above the canopy where they receive the most sunlight and wind. Young trees and shrubs form an understory and immature layer whilst ferns and herbs grow even nearer to the ground. The forest floor is very dark and is covered in dead leaves and fungi. Layers of the rainforest. Activities / games ……………………………………………………………... • Classifying leaves • Measuring temperature ……………………………………………………………... The water cycle The roots of trees take in water from the soil. The water passes up the tree and into the leaves where it is released into the air and forms rain clouds. This process is called transpiration. Rain from these clouds then falls onto the forest and the process is repeated. This is why it rains so much in the rainforest. Activities / games ……………………………………………………………... • Looking at transpiration ……………………………………………………………... Soil Dead plants and animals decay very quickly in the heat and humidity of the rainforest. Their nutrients are taken up by the roots of trees and plants, or washed away in the heavy rainfall. The soil in the rainforest is very thin and not very fertile. Decomposers such as termites, worms, fungi and bacteria live in the soil and aid decay. Fact The thin rainforest soil is useless for growing crops. Rainforest ecosystems The place where an animal or plant lives is called its habitat. A habitat can be an entire rainforest or a single leaf. All living things are adapted to their habitats and to the other animals and plants with which they share them. Question ……………………………………………………………... Can you think of some animals and plants that have special features to help them survive in the rainforest? ……………………………………………………………... All plants and animals are dependent on each other and the environment. The web of interactions between living things is called an ecosystem. If just one animal or plant becomes extinct it will have consequences for everything else around it. Food chains Food chains are used to show who is eating who in the rainforest. Food chains almost always begin with a green plant. Plants get their energy from the sun. They are called producers because they make their own food. Animals are called consumers because they feed on plants and other animals. Question ……………………………………………………………... Can you think of any examples of rainforest food chains? ……………………………………………………………... Herbivores only feed on plants so they usually come second in the food chain. Omnivores feed on plants and other animals so they usually come third. Carnivores are predators; they eat other animals, their prey. Carnivores are at the top of a food chain. Activities / games ……………………………………………………………... • Beetles ……………………………………………………………... Why are rainforests important? When the rainforest is cleared and the trees are burned, carbon dioxide is released into the air. Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases trap the sun’s heat, causing the global temperature to rise. This process is called the greenhouse effect and could result in more extreme weather and flooding. The plants and trees of the rainforest trap carbon dioxide and purify the air that we breathe. Without rainforests, the air would become more polluted and the greenhouse effect would worsen. The roots of trees hold the soil in place. If the trees are cut down, the heavy rain will wash the soil away so that plants cannot grow. Rainforests provide people with food and raw materials such as timber. Rainforest plants are increasingly used to make medicines. If the rainforests are destroyed we may never find cures for many diseases. Fact 25% of medicines contain compounds from rainforest plants. More than half of the world’s animal species and thousands of people live in rainforests. If the trees are cut down, the land will turn to desert and the animals and people will have nowhere to live. If we loose the rainforests, we loose them too. Question ……………………………………………………………... Why is the rainforest important to you? ……………………………………………………………... What is an Endangered species? Scientists rank different species according to how many are left in the wild and the dangers or threats that they face; this is called their conservation status. Threats usually include hunting for food, pets and medicine, and habitat destruction. If a species is Extinct it means that they have all died and are gone forever! A Critically Endangered species is facing a very high chance of becoming Extinct in the wild within ten years, and an Endangered species is at risk of becoming extinct in the wild within twenty years. If an animal or plant is categorised as Vulnerable, it is under threat but is not yet on the brink of extinction. Animals and plants that are not threatened are classified as Near Threatened or Least Concern. Fact All of Sri Lanka’s primates classified as Endangered! are Sri Lanka’s Wet Zone rainforests The rainforests of Sri Lanka’s Wet Zone are very special places. Lots of the animals and plants that live here are endemic to the region; this means that they live nowhere else in the world. Wet Zone endemics include: • Southern purple-faced leaf monkey • Sri Lankan grey hornbill • Layard’s parakeet • Ceylon ground orchid • Highland shrew • Ceylon spiny mouse • White-faced starling Fact More than 250 different species of tree frog live here in the Wet Zone! Unfortunately, Sri Lanka’s Wet Zone rainforests, like rainforests all around the world, are disappearing! Question ……………………………………………………………... Why do you think Sri Lanka’s Wet Zone rainforests are disappearing? ……………………………………………………………... Activities / games ……………………………………………………………... • Animal impressions • Memory • What am I? ……………………………………………………………... Why are Sri Lanka’s rainforests threatened? The Wet Zone rainforests are being cleared for tea, rubber and coconut plantations. Trees are also logged for timber to sell abroad. As cities and towns grow in size, the rainforests are being cleared to provide more land. The cutting down of rainforest is called deforestation. The Wet Zone rainforests now only remain as small, isolated pockets of forest. Animals are unable to move between the forest patches and live in small populations that are at greater risk of extinction. When the forest is cleared, some animals, including primates look for food elsewhere. Sometimes they look for food in rubbish dumps and sometimes they steal crops from farmer’s fields. Question ……………………………………………………………... Have you ever seen animals looking for food at rubbish dumps or in farmer’s fields? What animals were they? ……………………………………………………………... What is the LORRIS reforestation project? LORRIS stands for Land Owners Restore Rainforests in Sri Lanka and is an organisation that was started in 2002 by local farmers and landowners to try and save the Wet Zone rainforests. LORRIS are asking farmers and private landowners to pledge a small plot of their land and allow it to reforest. They hope to link together all of the forest patches with the Sinharaja World Heritage Site by planting new trees. Fact LORRIS have already planted over 700 trees. LORRIS promote traditional landscape tiered gardening of timber, fruits, spices and cane bamboo. This system mimics the layers of the rainforest and allows arboreal animals such as the slender loris and purple-faced leaf monkey to move between gardens and forest patches. Activities / games ……………………………………………………………... • Primate conservation role play • Origami plant pots ……………………………………………………………... Primates There are four different species of primate that live here in Sri Lanka’s Wet Zone. They all look very different but like all primates have: • large brains and are very clever. • grasping hands and feet to help them grip onto branches and hold onto food. • five fingers on each hand and five toes on each foot. • flat nails rather than sharp claws. • good eye-sight with forward facing eyes that allow them to judge distances; ideal when jumping between branches in trees. Question ……………………………………………………………... What are the names of the four different primates that live here in the Wet Zone? ……………………………………………………………... Anthropoid or prosimian? Primates can be divided into two groups; the anthropoids and the prosimians. Anthropoids include humans, apes and monkeys. Anthropoids have very good eyesight and rely on sight more than smell. Most anthropoids are diurnal; they sleep at night and are awake during the day. Prosimians include lorises, bush babies and lemurs. They have a bare muzzle like a cat or a dog and a very good sense of smell. Most prosimians are nocturnal; they sleep during the day and are active at night. Primates can also be divided into families of more closely related species. In Sri Lanka there are, for example two species of leaf-eating monkey, one species of cheek pouch monkey and one species of lorid. Leaf-eating monkeys The purple-faced leaf monkey and Sri Lankan grey langur both belong to a family of primates called the Colobines or leaf-eating monkeys. Colobines include the colobus monkeys of Africa, and the langurs or leaf monkeys of Asia. All leaf-eating monkeys have specially adapted stomachs which contain lots of bacteria to help digest leaves. They also have pointed molar teeth to help chew leaves, unripe fruit, and seeds. Purple-faced leaf monkey What do they look like? Purple-faced leaf monkeys are Sri Lanka’s largest primate and are grey, brown or black with a light brown crown on the top of their heads. They have long, slender hands and feet with very short thumbs to help them hold on to braches as they move through the trees. They have a white throat and whiskers. The tail is brown or black with a light brown tip. Purplefaced leaf monkeys are quadrupedal; this means that they walk on all fours. Question ……………………………………………………………... Can you walk like a purple-faced leaf monkey? ……………………………………………………………... Where do they live? Purple-faced leaf monkeys are endemic to Sri Lanka. They are arboreal and spend almost all of their time high up in trees. There are four types of purple-faced leaf monkey that each live in different parts of Sri Lanka. Only the southern purple-faced leaf monkey lives here in the rainforests of the Wet Zone. Fact Purple-faced leaf monkeys often live alongside Sri Lankan grey langurs. What do they eat? Purple-faced leaf monkeys like to eat leaves, fruit and occasionally flowers. Leaves are low in protein so purple-faced leaf monkeys spend a lot of time fast asleep. Question ……………………………………………………………... Are purple-faced leaf monkeys, herbivores, omnivores or carnivores? …………………………………………………………….. Fact Only three species of tree make up 75% of the monkey’s diet! purple-faced leaf Who do they live with? A male purple-faced leaf monkey lives with lots of females. Are they active during the day or night? Purple-faced leaf monkeys are diurnal. Are they Endangered? Yes – unfortunately the purple-faced leaf monkey is classified as Endangered. Fact The purple-faced leaf monkey was once so common it even lived in Colombo. Why are they Endangered? The Wet Zone rainforests are being cut down for logging and for farming. Some people like to eat them and they are hunted for their skin which is used to make drums. Question ……………………………………………………………... Do you think purple-faced leaf monkeys are anthropoids or prosimians? (They are anthropoids). ……………………………………………………………... Sri Lankan grey langur What do they look like? The Sri Lankan grey langur is grey to golden brown in colour. They have black faces, hands and feet. Like the purple-faced leaf monkey, Sri Lankan grey langurs are quadrupedal. Fact Sri Lankan grey langurs are also called common langurs. Where do they live? The Sri Lankan grey langur is endemic to Sri Lanka. They live in rainforests, scrub forest and even cities and towns. The Sri Lankan grey langur is mostly arboreal but spends more time on the ground than any other leaf-eating monkey. What do they eat? Sri Lankan grey langurs are omnivores and like to eat leaves, flowers, small animals and insects. Who do they live with? Sri Lankan grey langurs live in large groups with lots of males and lots of females. Fact Sri Lankan grey langurs can live in groups of up to 64 individuals! Are they active during the day or night? Sri Lankan grey langurs sleep at night and are active during the day. Are they Endangered? Yes – unfortunately the Sri Lankan grey langur is classified as Endangered. Why are they Endangered? The Wet Zone rainforests are being cut down for logging and for farming. Some people think grey langurs are pests and will shoot, poison or snare them. Sri Lankan grey langurs are also killed for meat. Deforestation. Cheek pouch monkeys The toque macaque belongs to a family of primates called the Cercopithecines or cheek pouch monkeys. Cercopithecines include the macaques, which mostly live in Asia, and the baboons, mandrills, and geladas which live in Africa. In fact, cheek pouch monkeys live in more parts of the world than any other primate, other than humans. As their name suggests, they all have cheek pouches which they use to store food whilst foraging. Toque macaque What do they look like? Toque macaques are brown or golden yellow in colour. They have black ears and a black bottom lip. They have a tuft of hair on their head which looks a bit like a hat! Female toque macaques have red faces. Toque macaques are quadrupedal. Fact The name toque macaque refers to their distinct cap of hair – a toque is a brimless hat! Where do they live? Toque macaques are endemic to Sri Lanka. There are four types of toque macaque. Only the dusky toque macaque lives here in the Wet Zone. Toque macaques are terrestrial; this means that they spend most of their time on the ground. They often live close to humans and can usually be seen at temples where people feed them. Fact The toque macaque is also called the temple monkey! What do they eat? Toque macaques are omnivores. They eat fruit, seeds and occasionally animals including reptiles and birds. Who do they live with? Toque macaques live in big troops with lots of males and lots of females. Are they active during the day or night? Toque macaques are diurnal. Are they Endangered? Yes – unfortunately the toque macaque is classified as Endangered. Question ……………………………………………………………... Why do you think the toque macaque is endangered? ……………………………………………………………... Why are they threatened? The Wet Zone rainforests are being cut down for logging and for farming. Toque macaques are seen as pests because they sometimes steal crops from farmer’s fields. They are shot at with guns, trapped in snares and poisoned. Toque macaques are also attacked and killed by dogs. Question ……………………………………………………………... Do you think toque macaques are anthropoids or prosimians? (They are anthropoids). ……………………………………………………………... Lorids The slender loris belongs to a family of primates called the Lorids which include the pottos, which are found in Africa, and the lorises which are found in southern Asia (including Sri Lanka of course!). Lorises and pottos move very slowly and are quadrupedal. Lorids have a very powerful grip to help them cling to branches and catch insect prey. All Lorids are nocturnal. Slender loris What do they look like? Slender lorises vary in colour from grey to reddish brown. They have large brown eyes, skinny arms and legs, and no tail. The slender loris is a quadrupedal climber. Question ……………………………………………………………... Why do you think the slender loris has such big eyes? ……………………………………………………………... Where do they live? Slender lorises live in Sri Lanka and parts of southern India. However, the red slender loris is endemic to Sri Lanka and lives here in the Wet Zone. They are arboreal and live in rainforests, scrub forest and swamps. What do they eat? Slender lorises eat insects, slugs, leaves, flowers, shoots and occasionally bird’s eggs. Question ……………………………………………………………... Are slender lorises herbivores, carnivores or omnivores? ……………………………………………………………... Fact Slender lorises catch their prey by moving very slowly, before reaching out and grabbing it with both hands. Who do they live with? Slender lorises hunt for food at night alone but often sleep in groups during the day. Are they active during the day or night? Slender lorises are nocturnal. Are they Endangered? Yes – unfortunately the slender loris is classified as Endangered. Why are they threatened? The Wet Zone rainforests are being cut down for logging and for farming. Some people like to eat slender lorises and their eyes are used for medicine. Slender lorises are sometimes kept as pets. Question ……………………………………………………………... Do you think slender lorises are anthropoids or prosimians? (They are prosimians). ……………………………………………………………... Activities / games ……………………………………………………………... • Campaign posters • Primate threats board game • The rainforest party! ……………………………………………………………... Do primates make good pets? Primates do not make good pets and it is highly likely that if you buy a baby primate, its family will have been killed to capture it. Primates are highly social and it is cruel to keep them away from others. Baby primates may even suffer from depression when taken from their mothers. Primates can live for a long time and will depend on you for everything throughout their lives. As they get older, they become stronger and more unpredictable. They may bite or scratch you if they are surprised or frightened. Activities / games ……………………………………………………………... • Campaign posters ……………………………………………………………... What can you do? The rainforests and wildlife of Sri Lanka’s Wet Zone are under threat. Here are some things that you can do to make a difference. 1. Learn as much as you can about the amazing wildlife that lives here. You could even form an eco-club with friends and learn together! 2. Talk to your friends and family about the importance of the rainforests; think of all of the different things it provides you with. 3. Don’t keep primates as pets and discourage other people from doing so. Remember, it is cruel and could be dangerous. 4. Don’t buy primate meat or primate products such as loris eyes or drums made from purple-faced leaf monkey skin. 5. Don’t trap or hurt any of the animals as they pass through your garden. Remember how lucky you are to see them! Contacts and further information …………………………………………………... If you require further education packs or more information about the LORRIS reforestation project please contact: Mr. Sunil Wimalasuriya Project Director Land Owners Restore Rainforests in Sri Lanka 244 Vystwyke Road Colombo 15 Sri Lanka Tel: 94-1-2524218 Fact Mr. Wimalasuriya founded LORRIS in 2002 after allowing his own tea plantation at Bangamukande regenerate into rainforest. to For reference, the primates featured in this education pack are: Dusky toque macaque (Macaca sinica aurifrons) Red slender loris (Loris tardigradus tardigradus) Southern purple-faced leaf monkey (Trachypithecus vetulus vetulus) Sri Lankan grey langur (Semnopithecus priam) Save the Wet Zone rainforests! Acknowledgements …………………………………………………... Distribution of the Bangamukande Education Pack would not be possible without the support of the following organisations: Primate Society of Great Britain (PSGB) Born Free Foundation Oxford Brookes University Photo credits Toque macaque: www.wikipedia.org Slender loris: www.blueplanetbiomes.org Purple faced leaf monkey: www.jetwingeco.com Sri Lankan grey langur: www.pbase.com Tropical rainforests: www.blueplanetbiomes.org Concept design and text: Alex Boulton Original artwork: Kali Stileman