Download Weed Management Plan - Samford Ecological Research Facility

CRICOS No. 00213J
CRICOS No. 00213J
isr
Institute for Sustainable Resources
Queensland
University of
Technology –
Institute for
Sustainable
Resources
Samford
Ecological
Research
Facility
Weed
Management
Plan
September 2007
CRICOS No. 00213J
CRICOS No. 00213J
Queensland University of Technology
Samford Ecological Research Facility – Weed Management Plan
LIST OF ABREVIATIONS
DNRW
Department of Natural Resources and Water
EMP
Environmental Management Plan
ISR
Institute for Sustainable Resources
NRS
School of Natural Resources Sciences
PRSC
Pine Rivers Shire Council
QUT
Queensland University of Technology
SERF
Samford Ecological Research Facility
WMP
Weed Management Plan
WONS
Weed of National Significance
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Samford Ecological Research Facility – Weed Management Plan
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section
1
Page
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
BACKGROUND
1
1.2
PURPOSE OF THIS PLAN
1
1.3
RELEVANT LEGISLATION
2
1.3.1
Declared Weeds
2
1.3.2
Environmental Weeds
2
1.3.3
National Weeds Strategy
3
1.4
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THIS PLAN AND OTHER SERF
3
MANAGEMENT DOCUMENTS
2
3
RECORDED WEED SPECIES
4
2.1
FINDINGS OF PREVIOUS STUDIES ON THE PROPERTY
4
2.2
RESULTS OF WEED SURVEY FOR THIS WMP
4
MANAGEMENT OF RECORDED WEED SPECIES
3.1
GENERAL WEED MANAGEMENT, HYGIENE AND MONITORING
MEASURES
3.2
3.3
6
6
SPECIFIC WEED MANAGEMENT, HYGIENE AND MONITORING
MEASURES (DECLARED AND ENVIRONMENTAL WEEDS)
7
3.2.1
Lantana (Lantana camara)
8
3.2.2
Mother of Millions (Bryophyllum spp.)
9
3.2.3
Climbing Asparagus (Asparagus africanus)
10
3.2.4
Asparagus Fern (Asparagus aethiopicus ‘Sprengeri’)
11
3.2.5
Cat’s Claw Creeper (Macfadyena unguis-cati)
12
3.2.6
Prickly Pear (Opuntia stricta)
13
3.2.7
Fireweed (Senecio madagascariensis)
14
3.2.8
Groundsel Bush (Baccharis halimifolia)
15
3.2.9
Camphor Laurel (Cinnamomum camphora)
16
3.2.10 Umbrella Tree (Schefflera actinophylla)
17
3.2.11 Easter Cassia ( Senna pendula var glabra)
18
SPECIFIC WEED MANAGEMENT, HYGIENE AND MONITORING
MEASURES (UNDECLARED, NON-ENVIRONMENTAL WEEDS)
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Samford Ecological Research Facility – Weed Management Plan
TABLE OF CONTENTS cont.
4
3.3.1
Jacaranda (Jacaranda mimosifolia)
20
3.3.2
Mock Orange (Murraya paniculata)
21
3.3.3
Slash Pine (Pinus spp.)
22
3.3.4
Bush Lemon (Citrus x taitensis)
23
3.3.5
Umbrella Sedge (Cyperus involucratus)
24
PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
4.1
25
GENERAL WEED MANAGEMENT MEASURES PERFORMANCE
INDICATORS
4.2
25
SPECIFIC WEED MANAGEMENT MEASURES PERFORMANCE
INDICATORS
25
5
REPORTING PROCEDURES AND SCHEDULE
26
6
RESOURCES
27
APPENDIX 1 - Samford Valley Regional Ecosystems Classifications Map
31
APPENDIX 2 – Samford Valley Biodiversity Corridors Map
32
APPENDIX 3 – Weed Infestation Zones at SERF Aerial Photograph Overlay
33
APPENDIX 4 – Control Methods
34
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1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND
The Samford Ecological Research Facility (SERF) is located in the Samford Valley,
approximately 2 kilometres south of Samford Village, just west of Ferny Hills in
Brisbane (27°23’22.211”S, 152°52’37.30”E). The property is 51 hectares, covering a
low ridge and gentle hill slopes. Its northern boundary is formed by Samford Creek,
the second largest drainage unit within the Samford valley.
The property is approximately 70% covered in vegetation from 5 communities falling
within two regional ecosystem classifications (Appendix 1). These are;
•
Endangered Regional Ecosystem 12.3.1 – Gallery rainforest (notophyll vine
forest) on alluvial plains
•
Of Concern Regional Ecosystem 12.12.12 – Dry sclerophyll forest.
The property is also recognised by PRSC as being an important northern component
of a biodiversity corridor extending from Camp Mountain just to the south (Appendix
2).
It is envisaged that this property will provide QUT with a site specific, fully controlled
research base for a range of natural science, engineering, built environment,
education and teaching and learning programs in areas pertaining to urban
development and ecosystem impacts and change, particularly over the long term.
1.2
PURPOSE OF THIS PLAN
This WMP has been prepared to guide the management of weeds at the SERF initially
in the short term with a view to long term flexibility in management as the plan reaches
its desired objectives.
This plan includes;
•
The location, density, and ecological importance of each weed species
present.
•
Weed control and eradication measures and monitoring activities to manage
weeds
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Samford Ecological Research Facility – Weed Management Plan
•
Strategies to reduce the risk of spreading weeds already present on the
property
•
Reporting procedures and schedule
The purpose of this WMP is also to assist QUT, its contractors and researchers in the
implementation of appropriate weed management measures, to prevent the spread of
weed species during use of the property.
1.3
RELEVANT LEGISLATION
The management measures contained within this WMP have been developed with
reference to Commonwealth, State and Local government weed management policies
and strategies, which are summarised below.
1.3.1 Declared Weeds
In Queensland, the control of weeds is regulated through the provisions of the Land
Protection (Pest and Stock Route Management) Act 2002. This Act is administered by
the DNRW and lists gazetted ‘declared’ weeds in Queensland that require control and
management. Control and management options for declared weeds in Queensland
are found online at
http://www.nrw.qld.gov.au/pests/weeds/declared_plants/index.html. The Queensland
Weed Strategy 2002-2006, produced by the DNRW outlines the overarching principles
of pest plant control within the state.
1.3.2 Environmental Weeds
Environmental weeds are introduced plants which establish themselves in natural
ecosystems and modify natural processes, usually resulting in a loss of native
biodiversity. Environmental weeds, while not necessarily declared species, are no less
important in terms of control. The Southeast Queensland Environmental Weed
Strategy outlines the priorities for control of environmental weeds in Southeast
Queensland.
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An off-label permit has been approved by the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary
Medicines Authority for the control of environmental weeds which are not listed under
their species names on herbicide registration and for which control options are not
listed by the DNRW.
A number of environmental weed species have been found at SERF and their control
options are listed in section 3.
1.3.3 National Weeds Strategy
At the national level, broad strategies aimed at reducing the impact of WONS are
described in the National Weed Strategy: A Strategic Approach to Weed Problems of
National Significance, 1997. The strategy encourages the development of
complementary State, regional and local WMP’s.
1.4
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THIS PLAN AND OTHER SERF DOCUMENTS
An EMP was produced as part of an honours project in 2007. This plan sets out
overall expectations for the site in terms of vegetation management, cultural
amenities, preservation of water quality in Samford Creek and standard operating
procedures to achieve positive outcomes.
A fire management plan is currently being developed for SERF in accordance with
PRSC requirements. It is envisaged that elements of the fire management plan will be
closely tied in with requirements of this plan, particularly in regards to potential fire
breaks and fuel load reduction.
Future research proposals too will be required to take into account their impacts on
the efficacy of this plan and possible conflicts with legislation requiring the removal of
declared species. In other words, if the research requires non-removal of declared
weeds for example, necessary approvals and permits will need to be sought from the
relevant administrative body and government department.
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RECORDED WEED SPECIES
2.1
FINDINGS OF PREVIOUS STUDIES ON THE PROPERTY
Very little has previously been done in terms of formal vegetation surveys at SERF. A
quarterly report from September 2007 compiled by a caretaker for the property lists a
number of weed species as a priority, including Lantana, Mother of Millions and
Groundsel Bush.
2.2
RESULTS OF WEED SURVEY FOR THIS WMP
Lantana is the dominant weed species at SERF. It is widespread and a map has been
produced dividing the property into zones which reflect a combination of the varying
densities of this species and also the vegetation structure (Figure 2.2.1, Appendix 3).
Legend
Property Boundary
Samford Ck Property
Boundary
Vehicle Access Road
Drainage Course
“The Barracks”
Zone 1 - High Weed
Density and/or Riparian
Zone 2 - Medium Weed
Density
Zone 3 - Low Weed
Density
Zone 4 - High Weed
Density Swamp
Figure 2.2.1 Aerial photograph of SERF overlayed to show zones of weed infestation relevant for the
dominant weed species, Lantana camara in combination with vegetation structure.
This map can be used as a guide when undertaking control options outlined in this
WMP.
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Coexisting with Lantana, the following declared and environmental weed species
requiring management have been found at SERF in varying densities and at various
locations on the property (Table 2.2.2).
Table 2.2.2 List of declared and environmental weeds at SERF, their class, density (relative to growth form)
and location.
Species
Common Name
Declared class
Density
Location
(scale 15)
Lantana camara
Lantana
3 and
environmental
1-5
Zones
1,2,3,4
Bryophyllum spp.
Mother of
Millions
2 and
environmental
1-5
Zones 1,4
Asparagus
africanus
Climbing
Asparagus
3
1-4
Zones
1,2,3
Asparagus
aethiopicus
Asparagus Fern
3 and
environmental
1-3
Zones
1,2,3,4
Macfadyena
unguis-cati
Cat’s Claw
Creeper
3 and
environmental
1-2
Zone 1
Opuntia stricta
Prickly Pear
2 and
environmental
1
Zones
1,2,3
Senecio
madagascariensis
Fireweed
2
1
Cleared
areas
Baccharis
halimifolia
Groundsel
2 and
environmental
1
Zones 1, 4
Cinnamomum
camphora
Camphor Laurel
3 and
environmental
1
Zones 1, 2
Schefflera
actinophylla
Umbrella Tree
environmental
1
Zone 2
Senna pendula
var. glabrata
Easter Cassia
environmental
1-2
Zones 3,4
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Further to this list, a number of important, as yet undeclared and non-environmental
weeds have also been found, usually in low numbers. These species have the
potential to become problem species on the property and are listed below (Table
2.2.3).
Table 2.2.3 Undeclared, non-environmental weeds with the potential to become problem species at SERF,
the number present and their location.
Species
Common Name
No. of individuals
Location
Jacaranda
Jacaranda
4
Zone 4
Murraya paniculata
Mock Orange
3
Zone 3
Pinus spp.
Slash Pine
10-20
Zone 4
Citrus x taitensis
Bush Lemon
2
Zone 3
Cyperus
Umbrella Sedge
>50
Zone 1
mimosifolia
involucratus
3
MANAGEMENT OF RECORDED WEED SPECIES
3.1
GENERAL WEED MANAGEMENT, HYGIENE AND MONITORING
MEASURES
The following control measures are applicable to all weed species listed in this WMP
and any future infestations by other species not currently present at SERF.
•
Areas of known weed infestations will be shown as ‘Weed Risk’ areas on
SERF plans in order to minimise the risk of inadvertent access and spread of
weeds.
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•
Access to ‘Weed Risk’ areas will be restricted to authorised personnel only.
•
An induction program will be employed to educate all visitors to SERF on the
weeds species present and management measures.
•
Vehicles and machinery will be inspected for the presence of weed
reproductive material prior to entering or exiting SERF and cleaned if
necessary.
•
In areas where slashing of vegetation occurs, sowing of native grasses will
occur where possible and is deemed appropriate to out-compete weed
species.
•
The SERF Environmental Officer or nominated delegate will undertake weed
eradication programs in accordance with this WMP in a manner that minimises
the impact on native species.
•
The SERF Environmental Officer or nominated delegate will conduct quarterly
inspections of ‘Weed Risk’ and disturbed areas at SERF in order to monitor for
the presence of weeds. Where possible, inspections will be undertaken in the
weeks following rain thereby maximising the potential for weed species
observations.
•
Specific training in weed identification and control measures will be undertaken
by relevant QUT staff.
•
The SERF Environmental Officer or nominated delegate will review the
classification status of weed species, development of State and
Commonwealth weed management strategies and developments in weed
control techniques.
3.2
SPECIFIC WEED MANAGEMENT, HYGIENE AND MONITORING
MEASURES (DECLARED AND ENVIRONMENTAL WEEDS)
Species-specific weed management measures for the eleven declared and
environmental weed species mentioned in this WMP are provided in the following subsections.
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3.2.1 Lantana camara (Lantana)
Lantana
Lantana camara
Description:
Heavily branched shrub
growing as compact clumps, dense thickets
and as a scrambling and climbing vines. The
stems are square with small, recurved
prickles along the edges. The leaves are
bright green above, paler beneath, mostly
about 6 cm long, with round-toothed edges.
Leaves grow opposite one another along the
stem.
Flowers:
Flowers appear throughout most of the year in clustered compact heads about 2.5
cm in diameter. Flower colours vary from pale cream to yellow, white, pink, orange, red, lilac and
purple.
Fruit:
Glossy, round and purplish-black when ripe.
Biology:
Lantana forms impenetrable thickets, shading out and smothering native
vegetation. It is also allelopathic, inhibiting the growth of nearby plants. It is spread through birds
eating the fruit and depositing the seeds elsewhere in their excrement and by humans. Lantana also
increases soil fertility in native bushland facilitating other exotic weeds.
General Control Measures
•
Implement management measures listed in Section 3.1 of this WMP
Specific Control Measures (Appendix 4)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Lantana is a Class 3 declared plant and a WONS. While it isn’t necessary by law to remove
this plant, it is a medium priority at SERF due to its biological impact.
Areas of light infestation will be controlled initially and work will move to medium and high
density areas.
100% of plants in Zones 3 and 4 will be cut into small pieces to provide mulch and the
roots removed by hand-pulling or alternatively, the base cut and painted with herbicide.
As a small number of native birds (wrens and finches) utilise Lantana as a shelter and
roost, 75-90% of plants in Zone 2 will be cut into small pieces to provide mulch and the
roots removed by hand-pulling or alternatively, the base cut and painted with herbicide.
The remaining 10-25% of plants will be left intact but will be subject to either the cut stump
or the scrape and paint method. This will ensure some structure is left for the birds to
utilise.
In Zone 1, Lantana growth is extremely dense in some places. Large numbers of wrens are
utilising these thickets for cover and roosting. 50-75% of plants in these areas will be cut
into small pieces to provide mulch and the roots removed by hand-pulling or alternatively,
the base cut and painted with herbicide. The remaining 25-50% of plants will be left intact
but will be subject to either the cut stump-paint or the scrape-paint method. This will ensure
some structure is left for the birds to utilise.
In Zone 1, very few native saplings exist where Lantana is dense. A revegetation program
will be implemented in these areas.
Herbicide:
Glyphosate (360g/L) will be mixed at a rate of 1:100 for each of the methods
above. A dye will be added to ensure full coverage of the area is achieved. Follow-up spot spraying
will be undertaken between 6 and 8 weeks after treatment.
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3.2.2 Bryophyllum spp. (Mother of Millions)
Mother of Millions
Bryophyllum spp.
Description:
Smooth, fleshy, succulent
plant to one metre in height. It has grey-
brown fleshy, tubular-like leaves with up
to seven projections at the tip of each
leaf. Small plantlets also occur along the
entire margin of each leaf. The flowers
are orange-red and occur in a cluster at
the top of a single stem.
Flowers:
Tubular flowers appear in winter on tall spikes in clustered compact heads.
Flowers are generally reddish in colour.
Fruit:
Non-distinct seeds.
Biology:
Mother of Millions outcompetes native grasses and other small native plants and
forms dense colonies. While seeds remain viable for a number of years, this plant’s main dispersal
agent is through vegetative means via small plantlets (embryoids) on the leaf margins. This makes
control difficult. This plant is able to withstand drought conditions but proliferates in damp conditions.
General Control Measures
•
Implement management measures listed in Section 3.1 of this WMP
Specific Control Measures (Appendix 4)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mother of Millions is a Class 2 declared plant. By law, landowners must take reasonable
steps to remove this plant. It is a medium priority at SERF due to its biological impact.
In both zones 1 and 4 where this weed occurs, both mechanical and chemical control
measures will be implemented.
For light infestations, plants can be hand pulled, taking care not to leave any vegetative
material behind. Plants will be placed in plastic bags and dumped in council refuse that will
be buried in landfill.
At no time should these plants be mulched as mulching temperatures rarely reach a high
enough point to fully prevent reproduction in this Genus.
In areas of heavy infestation, spot spraying will occur, taking care to avoid damaging native
species, while ensuring total coverage of target plant.
Spraying will be undertaken as necessary at regular intervals, prior to flowering.
Revegetation with native grasses and forbs will be undertaken to aid control.
Herbicide:
Fluroxypyr will be mixed at a rate of 600mL/100L for the method above. A dye
and a surfactant will be added to ensure full coverage of the area is achieved. Follow-up spot
spraying will be undertaken as necessary.
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3.2.3 Asparagus africanus (Climbing Asparagus)
Climbing Asparagus
Asparagus africanus
Description:
Scrambling vine growing in
dense thickets and up to 10m in trees. The
stems are round, up to 15mm diameter with
persistent, recurved thorns along its length.
The leaves are dark green cladodes at the
growing tips and feathery when mature. Roots
are fleshy, white-brown rhizomes forming a
large, dense fibrous crown.
Flowers:
Creamy white flowers appear in clusters during September and October.
Fruit:
Glossy, round and orange when ripe, appearing from October to December.
Biology:
Climbing Asparagus is a fast growing scrambler which quickly establishes,
shading out and smothering native vegetation. This species relies on two methods of reproduction
and dispersal. It is spread through birds eating the fruit and depositing the seeds elsewhere in their
excrement. Each plant also produces vegetative rhizomes and a large underground crown. New
shoots emerge from these underground structures during winter, making control of this species
difficult.
General Control Measures
•
Implement management measures listed in Section 3.1 of this WMP
Specific Control Measures (Appendix 4)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Climbing Asparagus is a Class 3 declared plant. While it isn’t necessary by law to remove
this plant, it is a medium priority at SERF due to its biological impact.
Areas of light infestation will be controlled initially and work will move to medium and high
density areas.
In Zone 3, where infestations are generally light and individual plants small to medium,
manual removal will take place. Plants will be removed mechanically e.g. with a spade,
ensuring all underground vegetative structures are removed. This will occur year round,
with a heavier emphasis prior to flowering.
Plants removed in this manner should be either hung upside down to allow desiccation of
the root system or placed in plastic, removed from site and buried in council landfill. The
latter is the preferred option.
In Zones 1 and 2, infestations are heavier with a mix of juvenile plants and well-established
large specimens. For juvenile plants the manual removal technique outlined above will be
employed. Larger specimens will be controlled chemically.
Basal bark spraying is the most effective chemical control option for Climbing Asparagus
and is outlined below.
Herbicide:
Fluroxypyr (200 g/L) will be mixed at a rate 35mL: 1L diesel. The whole
circumference of each stem will be sprayed or painted with the herbicide solution from ground level
to a height of 30 cm. The full circumference of every stem arising from the ground will be treated to
ensure maximum efficiency*.
* This method is slow but effective. Some plants may take nearly a year to die but if treated
correctly, no regrowth will occur as the crown will be dead.
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3.2.4 Asparagus aethiopicus ‘Sprengeri’ (Asparagus Fern)
Asparagus Fern
Asparagus aethiopicus ‘Sprengeri’
Description:
Asparagus Fern or Ground
asparagus is a multi-stemmed, bushy,
prostrate, perennial shrub, which forms a
thick mat of tuberous roots. Its leaves are
flattened, needle-like cladodes numbering 2-5
per axil, approximately 15-25mm long and
light green in colour. Mature plants have
prickly scales along the stems.
Flowers:
Clusters of small Creamy white flowers appear during August and September.
Fruit:
December.
Glossy, globular, 5-8mm bright red berries when ripe, appearing from October to
Biology:
Asparagus Fern is a fast growing prostrate shrub which quickly establishes,
shading out and out-competing native vegetation. This species relies mostly on birds for dispersal
through ingestion of the fruit and depositing the seeds elsewhere in their excrement. Each plant also
produces vegetative rhizomes and a large underground crown however this is generally for
individual regeneration rather than reproduction. New shoots emerge from these underground
structures during winter.
General Control Measures
•
Implement management measures listed in Section 3.1 of this WMP
Specific Control Measures (Appendix 4)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Asparagus Fern is a Class 3 declared plant. While it isn’t necessary by law to remove this
plant, it is a medium priority at SERF due to its biological impact.
Areas of light infestation will be controlled initially and work will move to medium and high
density areas.
In all zones, infestations are generally light to medium and individual plants small to
medium in size. As such chemical control will generally not be necessary for this species.
Plants will be removed mechanically e.g. with a spade, ensuring all underground vegetative
structures are removed. This will occur year round, with a heavier emphasis prior to
flowering.
Plants removed in this manner will be either, hung upside down to allow desiccation of the
root system or placed in plastic, removed from site and buried in council landfill. The later is
the preferred option if the plants are fruiting at the time of removal.
If chemical control is to be employed for particularly large specimens that are difficult to
remove or if physical removal is likely to impact water quality in nearby drainage systems,
the cut stump-paint, gouge-paint and spray method will be employed and is outlined below.
Herbicide:
Glyphosate (360g/L) will be mixed at a rate of 1:100 for the method above. A dye
will be added to ensure full coverage of the area is achieved. Follow-up spot spraying will be
undertaken between 6 and 8 weeks after treatment.
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3.2.5 Macfadyen unguis-cati (Cat’s Claw Creeper)
Cat’s Claw Creeper
Macfadyen unguis-cati
Description:
Cat’s claw creeper is a
vigorous vine with large, bright yellow bell
shaped flowers in spring. Its leaves are
opposite and have two leaflets, with a three
clawed tendril (the cat’s claw) growing
between them. The vine bears very long,
narrow and flat pods (30-45cm) containing
many winged seeds. The plant has an
extensive tuber system.
Flowers:
Bright yellow, tubular flowers appear during September and October.
Fruit:
Long flat narrow seed pods to 45cm containing 100-200 small nondescript winged
seeds appear during summer.
Biology:
Cat’s Claw Creeper is a fast growing scrambling vine which quickly establishes,
shading out and out-competing native vegetation. It can completely cover large trees. This species
utilises two methods for dispersal. The first of these is wind dispersal. The flat, winged seeds can
travel long distances depending on wind strength. Each plant also produces large vegetative tubers
at regular intervals (~50cm) from which new shoots emerge during winter and spring, particularly
after rain. This tuber system makes control problematic.
General Control Measures
•
Implement management measures listed in Section 3.1 of this WMP
Specific Control Measures (Appendix 4)
•
•
•
•
Cat’s Claw Creeper is a Class 3 declared plant. While it isn’t necessary by law to remove
this plant, it is a high priority at SERF. This is because it is currently contained to one zone
and in low densities but has a large potential biological impact should it expand its range to
forest margins where there is increased light.
This plant is currently restricted to the northern end of Zone 1 in the heavier forested areas
near Samford Creek.
Mechanical control cannot be employed for this species as the tuber system is brittle and
must be removed entirely to be successful.
Chemical controls will be undertaken as a matter of priority using the cut stump-paint
method or gouge-paint methodwhereby all stems of each plant will be cut at ground level
and the stumps painted with an approved herbicide as outlined below.
Herbicide:
Glyphosate (360g/L) will be mixed at a rate of 80mL: 1L water and applied to the
cut stumps within 15 seconds of cutting. A dye will be added to ensure full coverage of the area is
achieved. Follow up spot spraying of Glyphosate (360g/L) mixed at a rate of 1:100 will be
implemented between 6 and 8 weeks*.
*Due to the complexity and nature of this species’ tuber system, regeneration will occur at each
tuber site after spraying until the entire system is dead. It will take up to 5 years to completely
eliminate this species.
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3.2.6 Opuntia stricta. (Prickly Pear)
Prickly Pear
Opuntia stricta
Description:
A succulent shrub to 2
metres in height. The stems are hairless and
bluish-green or dull green in colour. The
stems are divided into obovate pads up to
30cm x 15cm and 1-2cm thick. The areoles
have tufts of short and finely barbed bristles
accompanied by one or two yellow spines 2-4
cm in length. Small scale-like leaves are
found on areoles of immature pads.
Flowers:
Lemon yellow flowers, 6-8cm wide, with green or pink markings appear October
through to January.
Fruit:
Pear shaped fruit, 4-6cm long and reddish to purple follow flowering. The fruit
contain large quantities of small, round yellowish seeds.
Biology:
Due to their succulent morphology and tough leathery skin, Prickly Pear is
extremely drought tolerant and can withstand long periods of desiccation. This is an advantage for
these plants in terms of asexual reproduction. The pads when broken off, readily set roots and grow
into new plants but can last many months before doing so. These plants also rely on frugivorous
birds and animals to disperse seeds. These two factors make Prickly Pear very successful weeds.
General Control Measures
•
Implement management measures listed in Section 3.1 of this WMP
Specific Control Measures (Appendix 4)
•
•
•
•
•
Prickly Pear is a Class 2 declared plant. By law, landowners must take reasonable steps to
remove this plant. It is a low to medium priority at SERF. This is because it is currently
present in very low numbers as individual plants.
Biological control agents e.g. Cactoblastis moths and cochineal insects, appear to be
active at SERF.
Regular monitoring of Prickly Pear will take place to ensure that biological control agents
are limiting spread.
If necessary mechanical control can be employed for this species however, care must be
taken to ensure all parts of the plant are removed entirely.
Should chemical controls become necessary, the method outlined below will be undertaken
as a matter of priority.
Herbicide:
Triclopyr mixed at a rate of 3L: 100L water will be applied to the whole plant taking
care to avoid drift and spraying of native species. Follow-up spraying after 10 weeks may be
necessary.
September 2007
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Queensland University of Technology
Samford Ecological Research Facility – Weed Management Plan
3.2.7 Senecio madagascariensis (Fireweed)
Fireweed
Senecio madagascariensis
Description:
A daisy-like annual or
perennial erect herb to 70cm. Extremely
variable depending on environmental
conditions. Leaves alternate and variable to
8cm long and 1.5cm wide. Distinguished by
19-21 involucral bracts around flowerhead in
one row. 12-15 ray florets with strap-like parts
to 1cm.
Flowers:
Bright yellow radial flowers, 2cm wide appear as a loose cluster on inflorescences
from autumn through to late spring.
Fruit:
Narrow 2.5mm long seeds with pappae to 6.5mm occur in ‘Santa Claus’ clusters
in numbers of up to 100 seeds/flower head.
Biology:
This species is a fast growing annual/perennial herb with the ability to quickly
colonise areas of disturbed pasture. Flowers and seeds are produced continuously throughout the
growing season resulting in each plant being able to produce up to 100 000 seeds. These seeds are
usually wind dispersed although animals can carry inadvertently carry them on their coats. Most
seedlings appear from March through to June giving a limited time period for effective control.
General Control Measures
•
Implement management measures listed in Section 3.1 of this WMP
Specific Control Measures (Appendix 4)
•
•
•
•
•
Fireweed is a Class 2 declared plant. By law, landowners must take reasonable steps to
remove this plant. It is a high priority at SERF. This is because it is currently present in very
low numbers in the cleared area close to the south-western boundary.
From March through to June, fortnightly monitoring of open pasture areas for the presence
of fireweed will occur.
Plants located will be immediately removed by hand pulling*, and all parts of the plant
placed in plastic and buried at a council landfill.
Slashing of firebreaks or open areas where fireweed occurs will be delayed until any
infestations are completely removed as slashing disturbs the ground providing
opportunities for fireweed to establish.
Chemical controls may become necessary in the future should a substantial infestation
occur however, this is currently not the case.
* Fireweed as been known to cause skin irritation so it is essential that any person handling fireweed
wear suitable protective clothing and equipment.
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3.2.8 Baccharis halimifolia (Groundsel Bush)
Groundsel Bush
Baccharis halimifolia
Description:
Erect perennial shrub or
small tree to 2.5m high. Stems are multibranched with small branches striate and
hairless. Wedge-shaped, lobed leaves are up
to 7 cm long and 4 cm wide on a stalk to 1.5
cm long and alternate. A dioecious species
with male flowers pale yellow and female
flowers white.
Flowers:
Male – Small, yellow flowerheads borne in terminal panicles and appearing from
mid to late March.
Female – Small, white flowerheads borne in terminal panicles and appearing from
March to early April. Female flowers generally inconspicuous until fertilisation and the seed
develops at which time the bush takes on a ‘fluffy’ appearance
Fruit:
Small achene, ribbed, hairless, to 1.7 mm long with hair-like bristles at apex,
Biology:
Groundsel Bush is rapid coloniser of disturbed habitats, particularly pasture areas,
and is especially suited to moist gullies and wetlands. Seeds germinate all year round and each
plant is fully mature within 2 years. Seeds are wind dispersed but can also be transported long
distances on animal coats and in mud on vehicles. Fully grown Groundsel bushes can produce up
to 1 million seeds each. Seeds can remain dormant for a number of years.
General Control Measures
•
Implement management measures listed in Section 3.1 of this WMP
Specific Control Measures (Appendix 4)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Groundsel Bush is a Class 2 declared plant. By law, landowners must take reasonable
steps to remove this plant. It is a medium to high priority at SERF. While it is currently
present in low numbers and only small individual plants are present, it’s potential to
negatively impact the biodiversity at SERF is well recognised.
Hand pulling of Groundsel shall begin in Zone 4 as a priority due to the potential to impact
the Melaleuca forest being greater than for Zone 1.
Care will be taken to remove as much of the root system of each plant as possible to
ensure regrowth from the roots is kept to a minimum.
Follow-up spot spraying will be instigated approximately 8 weeks after removal.
In Zone 1, small individual plants will be removed by hand where potential disturbance of
the soil could negatively impact the water quality in Samford Creek.
Where water quality is an issue e.g. on the banks of Samford Creek, chemical control will
be instigated as set out below.
Should plants become too large for hand removal, in other areas, chemical controls will be
implemented also as set out below.
Herbicide:
For small plants in sensitive areas, Glyphosate (360g/L) will be mixed at a rate of
1:100 will be used for spot spraying individual plants, taking care to avoid drift and contact with
native species. For larger plants, the cut stump-paint method could be employed and Glyphosate
applied at a stronger rate e.g. 80mL: 1L.
September 2007
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Samford Ecological Research Facility – Weed Management Plan
3.2.9 Cinnamomum camphora (Camphor Laurel)
Camphor Laurel
Cinnamomum camphora
Description:
A large spreading
evergreen tree to 20m. Bark is grey-brown
with deep vertical fissures. Leaves alternate
or pseudo-whorled, light green and glossy
with a wavy margin and yellow mid-rib; the
lower surface is dull green. The lowest pair of
secondary veins are prominent. Leaves smell
strongly of camphor when crushed.
Flowers:
Masses of inconspicuous, cream flowers are borne in terminal clusters, appearing
from late September to December.
Fruit:
single seed.
Small green berry (10mm) which turns black when ripe in Autumn, containing a
Biology:
Camphor Laurel has become naturalised in southeast Queensland rainforests. It
prefers moist bushland slopes and gullies. It creates dense shade, competing with and taking over
from native species, and continuing to inhibit their regeneration even after its removal due to
allelopathy. This species relies on frugivorous birds to disperse its seeds over wide areas. Adult
trees can produce between 1 and 3 million seeds. These trees also have a large root crown making
physical control methods problematic.
General Control Measures
•
Implement management measures listed in Section 3.1 of this WMP
Specific Control Measures (Appendix 4)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Camphor Laurel is a Class 3 declared plant. While it isn’t necessary by law to remove this
plant, it is a medium to high priority at SERF. This is because there are currently less than
five individuals in zones 1 and 2 but this species has a large potential biological impact
should it spread.
Hand pulling of small individuals less than 1 metre shall be undertaken as they are
discovered. It is not necessary to remove pulled specimens from site as they won’t
‘resprout’ like some other weed species.
Care will be taken to remove as much of the root system of each plant as possible to
ensure regrowth from the root crown is kept to a minimum.
Follow-up spot spraying will be instigated approximately 8 weeks after removal should it be
impossible to remove the crown.
One mature individual is located in Zone 1in the north western corner of the SERF in the
riparian zone of Samford Creek. Due to the sensitivity of this area and the size of the tree,
stem injecting should be undertaken for the best result. Details are outlined below.
A semi-mature individual is located in Zone 2 beside ‘The Barracks’ building. Stem injection
is also recommended for this individual due to its size.
Herbicide:
2mL of undiluted Glyphosate-IPA will be applied to the cambium for each axe cut.
Axe cuts are to be made at regular intervals around the stem to an appropriate depth to ensure
maximum efficiency. Drilling for stem injection in this species is not recommended.
September 2007
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Samford Ecological Research Facility – Weed Management Plan
3.2.10 Schefflera actinophylla (Umbrella Tree)
Umbrella Tree
Schefflera actinophylla
Description:
Fast-growing, evergreen
tree reaching heights of 15m. Often multistemmed. Leaves are dark green, glabrous,
leathery, and palmately compound with 7-16
oblong to oblong-ovate leaflets to 30cm long.
It produces spikes of red flowers, sessile on
pedunculate heads to 20mm across.
Flowers:
autumn.
Large spikes of conspicuous red flowers appearing from summer through to
Fruit:
Small (5mm) ribbed dark red berry ripens from late summer to autumn. Each fruit
contains a single seed.
Biology:
The Umbrella Tree is a native of north Queensland but is extremely invasive in
southeast Queensland. It prefers moist gullies but will readily grow in most soils in full sun or shade.
It is fast growing and can quickly out-compete endemic species. It also has a robust root system
which also can affect neighbours. The flowers and fruit are attractive to native birds, particularly
rainbow lorikeets and the seeds are dispersed by these birds.
General Control Measures
•
Implement management measures listed in Section 3.1 of this WMP
Specific Control Measures (Appendix 4)
•
•
•
Umbrella Tree is an environmental weed. While it isn’t necessary by law to remove this
plant, it is a medium priority at SERF. This is because there are currently less than five
individuals in zone 2 but this species has a large potential biological impact should it
spread.
Hand pulling of small individuals less than 1 metre shall be undertaken as they are
discovered. It is not necessary to remove pulled specimens from site as they won’t
‘resprout’ like some other weed species.
One mature individual is located in Zone 2 approximately 200m from the south eastern
boundary in the riparian zone of the drainage course which runs through the middle of the
property. Due to the size of the tree, stem injecting should be undertaken for the best
result. Details are outlined below.
Herbicide:
2mL of undiluted Glyphosate-IPA will be applied to the cambium for each axe cut.
Axe cuts are to be made at regular intervals around the stem to an appropriate depth to ensure
maximum efficiency. Drilling for stem injection in this species is not recommended.
September 2007
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Samford Ecological Research Facility – Weed Management Plan
3.2.11 Senna pendula var. glabrata (Easter Cassia)
Easter Cassia
Senna pendula var. glabrata
Description:
A scraggly shrub to 5m.
Stems often grow in a zigzag pattern. The
bark is dark brown, sparsely hairy but
generally smooth. Leaves are pinnately
compound with 3-6 pairs of leaflets, alternate,
light green with a yellow margin on each
leaflet. The topside of the leaf stalk has a
gland between the lowermost leaflets.
Flowers:
around Easter.
Masses of conspicuous, yellow flowers are borne in terminal clusters, appearing
Fruit:
Long cylindrical seed pods 10-15cm long, each containing up to 10 seeds appear
in May. Seeds have a long dormancy.
Biology:
Easter Cassia is an extremely invasive species which tolerates a wide range of
environmental conditions. It favours damp, disturbed areas but will readily colonise any disturbed
habitat. This species relies on ants, humans, rodents, gravity and water to disperse its seeds and
will often be found in almost monospecific colonies. The seeds of Easter Cassia germinate readily
but can display a long dormancy, lasting for up to 10 years in the soil before germinating. Further,
this species also has the ability to coppice if damaged, making control options limited.
General Control Measures
•
Implement management measures listed in Section 3.1 of this WMP
Specific Control Measures (Appendix 4)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Easter cassia is not a declared species in Queensland, but is considered an important
environmental weed.
Hand pulling of small individuals less than 1 metre shall be undertaken as they are
discovered. It is not necessary to remove pulled specimens from site as they won’t
‘resprout’ like some other weed species.
Care will be taken to remove as much of the root system of each plant as possible to
ensure coppicing from the root crown does not occur.
For individual plants too large to be manually removed, the cut-stump method of control will
be implemented.
Infestations of this species are found in Zones 3 and 4 in the north eastern corner of SERF
with the heaviest infestation in Zone 4.
Control will begin in Zone 3 and move into Zone 4 and will be completed prior to flowering
in April 2008.
Follow up spot-spraying will be undertaken 8 weeks after treatment to control any
coppicing, regrowth or seedlings.
Herbicide:
For small plants in sensitive areas, Glyphosate (360g/L) will be mixed at a rate of
1:100 will be used for spot spraying individual plants, taking care to avoid drift and contact with
native species. For larger plants, the cut stump-paint method will be employed and Glyphosate
applied at a stronger rate e.g. 80mL: 1L.
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3.3
SPECIFIC WEED MANAGEMENT, HYGIENE AND MONITORING
MEASURES (UNDECLARED, NON-ENVIRONMENTAL WEEDS)
There are a large number of weeds species present at SERF that are not declared or
environmental weeds species under Queensland legislation and generally pose very
little if any threat to biodiversity values on the property. These species therefore do not
rate a mention in this WMP.
There are however, five species of plant present at SERF which fall into the category
of undeclared, non-environmental weeds which do pose a threat to biodiversity values
should they become well-established (Table 2.2.3). Species-specific weed
management measures for these five weed species are provided in the following subsections.
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3.3.1 Jacaranda mimosifolia (Jacaranda)
Jacaranda
Jacaranda mimosifolia
Description:
Deciduous/semi-deciduous,
branching tree to 15 metres. Bark fissured,
slightly tessellated in mature specimens.
Leaves bipinnate, 16-30 pinnae up to 10cm
long. Leaflets between 3 and 10mm long,
sessile and narrow to elliptic with an acute to
acuminate apex. Juveniles often nonbranching until 1.5m tall.
Flowers:
Masses of conspicuous, mauve flowers are borne in terminal clusters, appearing
mainly in November prior to the leaves returning.
Fruit:
Woody, round, compressed, red-brown capsule, 3-6 cm long/wide, splitting in two.
Seeds surrounded with a membranous wing.
Biology:
The Jacaranda is a relatively fast growing spreading tree, which grows well in
Brisbane’s sub-tropical climate. Not considered a particularly invasive species, it is appearing in
native forests, particularly close to water courses. It tolerates a wide range of soil types and pH but
prefers moist, well drained, slightly acidic soils in partial to full sun. Seeds of this species are winged
inferring wind dispersal.
General Control Measures
•
Implement management measures listed in Section 3.1 of this WMP
Specific Control Measures (Appendix 4)
•
•
•
•
Jacaranda is not a declared or environmental weed in Queensland, but has the potential to
become problematic at SERF.
Currently there are only 4 small individuals located in Zone 4 close to the property
boundary.
Due to the juvenile status of these trees, manual removal with a spade will be undertaken
within 12 months so as to prevent the need for chemical controls as the trees grow larger
making physical removal impossible.
Regular inspections of the site should identify further individuals as they appear.
September 2007
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Samford Ecological Research Facility – Weed Management Plan
3.3.2 Murraya paniculata (Mock Orange)
Mock Orange
Murraya paniculata
Description:
Bushy shrub or small tree
to 4m. Pinnate leaves with rachis up to 12cm
long. Leaflets are narrow-elliptic to +/- ovate
or obovate, 2-6 cm long, 1-3 cm wide, apex
abruptly and obtusely acuminate, base
cuneate, margins entire. Inflorescences
terminal or upper axillary cymes of up to 8
flowers. Crushed leaves smell citric.
Flowers:
Masses of conspicuous, white flowers are borne in terminal clusters, appearing in
early spring and continuing through summer.
Fruit:
Ovoid to ellipsoid, shiny red berry to 10mm appearing shortly after flowering.
Biology:
Mock Orange is a fast growing shrub which is traditionally used in domestic
gardens as a hedge plant. Only recently has its potential as a weed been recognised. Each berry of
Mock Orange contains a single seed. It is dispersed by gravity and by birds. It tolerates a wide
range of conditions but prefers well drained, elevated positions and mid to full sun.
General Control Measures
•
Implement management measures listed in Section 3.1 of this WMP
Specific Control Measures (Appendix 4)
•
•
•
•
Mock Orange is not a declared or environmental species in Queensland but has the
potential to become problematic at SERF.
Currently there are 3 individuals located in Zone 3 on the central ridge, close to the
property boundary.
Manual removal with a shovel shall be undertaken within 3 months, preferably before these
specimens produce fruit.
Regular inspections will identify further individuals as they appear.
September 2007
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3.3.3 Pinus spp. (Slash Pine)
Slash Pine
Pinus spp.
Description:
A large fast growing tree to
30m. Bark is grey to red-brown in colour,
thick, rough, deeply fissured and is shed in
small scales. Branches are large and
spreading and radially attached to the trunk.
Evergreen needles, to 25cm long, flexible,
with three needles per fascicle, fascicle
sheath is quite long and persistent; dark
green in colour.
Flowers:
Monoecious; males cylindrical, red to yellow, in clusters at ends of twigs; females
red to green, stalked, oval.
Fruit:
Cones are 7-15cm long, ovoid, borne on a stalk, caramel coloured; the umbo is
armed with a small, out-curved spine; maturing in autumn. Seeds winged.
Biology:
Slash Pine is a potentially problematic species due to the large number of seeds a
mature individual produces, its ability to tolerate a wide range of conditions and the allelopathic
effects on neighbours. A mature tree produces up to 80kg of seed which is dispersed by wind,
gravity and birds. Seedlings can quickly establish, particularly in moist areas and in low light
conditions.
General Control Measures
•
Implement management measures listed in Section 3.1 of this WMP
Specific Control Measures (Appendix 4)
•
•
•
•
Slash Pine is not a declared or environmental weed in Queensland as it is commercially
grown, however, in native bushland it can quickly become problematic.
At SERF there are 10-20 adults, all occurring in Zone 4 at the edge of the property in the
north-eastern corner. It is a low to medium priority as no juveniles or seedlings are
apparent.
Due to the size of these trees and their proximity to roads and fence lines, professional
arborists will be employed to remove them in keeping with best management practice in
terms of environmental controls.
Any seedlings and small juveniles discovered will be hand-pulled.
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3.3.4 Citrus x taitensis (Bush Lemon)
Bush Lemon
Citrus x taitensis
Description:
A scraggly shrub or small
tree to 6m. Stems with stiff, stout, paired,
axillary spines to 30mm long. Leaves 1foliolate, with lamina elliptic, 3-13cm long, 27cm wide, apex obtuse or bluntly acuminate.
Many large oil dots apparent. Aromatic when
crushed.
Flowers:
Inflorescences axillary, few-flowered. Flowers to 3.5 cm diameter. Petals 4, white
with a pinkish tinge. Appearing mostly in spring.
Fruit:
Berry is globose, 4-11cm long, 3.5-6.5 cm in diameter, orange-reddish, with apical
nipple, 8-10 segments. The skin is up to 4mm thick.
Biology:
Bush Lemon is a naturalised species in southeast Queensland. Its preferred
habitat is well-drained slightly acidic soil in full sun; however, it is tolerant of a wide range of
environmental conditions. This species relies primarily on gravity for dispersal. The presence of
large thorns makes manual removal of this species problematic.
General Control Measures
•
Implement management measures listed in Section 3.1 of this WMP
Specific Control Measures (Appendix 4)
•
•
•
•
•
Bush Lemon is not a declared or environmental weed in Queensland however it is
naturalised and poses a moderate risk at SERF.
Only 2 individuals exist at SERF in Zone 3, close to the property boundary approximately
50 metres from the driveway to The Barracks.
Manual removal will be undertaken within 12 months with a spade.
Alternatively, the cut stump-paint chemical method of control will be employed as set out
below.
Follow up spot spraying will be undertaken 8 weeks later if necessary.
Herbicide:
Glyphosate (360g/L) will be mixed at a rate of 80mL: 1L water and applied to the
cut stumps within 15 seconds of cutting. Follow up spot spraying of Glyphosate (360g/L) mixed at a
rate of 1:100 will be implemented between 6 and 8 weeks*.
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3.3.5 Cyperus involucratus (Umbrella Sedge)
Umbrella Sedge
Cyperus involucratus
Description:
Densely tufted ‘grass-like’
perennial with 3-angled stems to 180cm. Leaf
sheath purplish at base, leaf blade absent.
The flower head is umbrella-like. Involucral
bracts 10-22 cm, up to 2 cm wide, longer than
inflorescence. 10-15 spikes clustered at end
of each of the 5-25 rays.
Flowers:
Clusters of small greenish flowers grow from the centre of the ‘disk’ appearing in
spring and summer.
Fruit:
Small brown seeds form after flowering.
Biology:
Umbrella Sedge is an invasive weed preferring wet, boggy conditions but is also
drought tolerant to a degree. It frequents water courses and outcompetes native species like
Lomandra longifolia and other like species. This species is rhizomatous making control difficult as it
inevitably reshoots from these underground structures. Its seeds are primarily water dispersed.
General Control Measures
•
Implement management measures listed in Section 3.1 of this WMP
Specific Control Measures (Appendix 4)
•
•
•
•
•
Umbrella Sedge is not a declared or environmental weed in Queensland as a whole but is
mentioned in numerous council texts around the state and in New South Wales as an
invasive species. It is a medium priority at SERF.
More than 50 plants at SERF are located in Zone 1 along the entire length of the Samford
Creek property boundary and are restricted to the creek and its immediate margins.
Plants will be manually removed where it is possible to do so with a minimal impact on
water quality within Samford Creek. Plants removed in this manner will be immediately
replaced with suitable native species to minimise the chance of erosion of the riparian
zone.
Where, physical removal will negatively impact water quality, a small amount of herbicide
will be applied as set out below.
A follow up program of spot spraying will be undertaken no longer than 8 weeks after initial
applications.
Herbicide:
Glyphosate (360g/L) will be mixed at a rate of 1:100 will be used for spot spraying
the crowns of individual plants, taking care to avoid run-off, drift and contact with native species.
Using a small amount may not be as effective as a large amount but if the process is repeated at
regular intervals, plants will eventually die and spillage into the aquatic system will be kept to a
minimum.
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4
PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
4.1
GENERAL WEED MANAGEMENT MEASURES PERFORMANCE
INDICATORS
The success of the ‘General Weed Management, Hygiene and Monitoring Measures’
as outlined in Section 3.1 of this WMP will be systematically evaluated through
regular, routine inspections of disturbed areas e.g. routinely slashed firebreaks, and
‘Weed Risk’ areas. These inspections will be conducted by the SERF Environmental
Officer or nominated delegate and will be undertaken on a quarterly basis.
The overall performance indicators for this WMP are that;
•
Existing weed infestations at SERF are contained, eradicated or otherwise
managed to the satisfaction of the administering authorities at QUT and in
accordance with requirements of relevant Acts, and
•
No new weed infestations occur as a result of any operations, scientific
studies, construction work or otherwise conducted at SERF.
4.2
SPECIFIC WEED MANAGEMENT MEASURES PERFORMANCE
INDICATORS
The success of the ‘Specific Weed Management, Hygiene and Monitoring Measures’
as outlined in Sections 3.2 and 3.3 of this WMP will be systematically evaluated
through follow-up inspections. These inspections will be conducted within 8 weeks of
any control treatments applied, unless otherwise indicated for species-specific
treatments. It is preferred also that these inspections, where possible, will be
conducted after a rainfall event and subsequent quarterly inspections as mentioned in
Section 4.1 of this WMP.
Records of these inspections will be entered into an environmental management
database and will include quantitative measurements and qualitative observations
where relevant. This information may include, but is not necessarily limited to;
•
Whether or not the control measures were effective
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•
The size, scale and distribution of the infestation area compared with the size
and distribution prior to treatment
•
Photographic records of specific areas demonstrating levels of success
•
Other observations of relevance to the control of weed species at SERF
•
A schedule for further treatments and subsequent inspections if necessary
In the event that any weed control measures as outlined in this WMP for a particular
species appear not to be effective, they will be adjusted as necessary in consultation
with the relevant administrative bodies and the SERF Environmental Officer or
nominated delegate. This WMP will be updated as necessary to reflect any significant
changes to control measures.
5
REPORTING PROCEDURES AND SCHEDULES
Details of all weed management, control and eradication programs and follow up
inspections/programs conducted at SERF will be recorded by the SERF
Environmental Officer or appointed delegate in the Environmental Management
Database. As mentioned in Section 4.2, this documentation may include, but is not
necessarily limited to;
•
Whether or not the control measures were effective
•
The size, scale and distribution of the infestation area compared with the size
and distribution prior to treatment
•
Photographic records of specific areas demonstrating levels of success
•
Other observations of relevance to the control of weed species at SERF
•
A schedule for further treatments and subsequent inspections if necessary
This information will be summarised and compiled with any other relevant
documentation concerning activities at SERF into an annual report. Any changes to
species-specific weed control measures and/or any changes to the legal or physical
status of recorded weed species will be noted in the report. The report will cover a
twelve month period from July 1st to June 30th and will be submitted to the relevant
administrative bodies at QUT, e.g. ISR, NRS etc., by August 31st each year.
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This WMP will be implemented once approved by the relevant administrative
authorities, and will be updated as required. This will be no later than every three
years and will include any changes in weed species identified at SERF, weed
populations, weed risk areas, weed management principles and the legal status of
particular species. Subsequent revisions will be resubmitted to the administrative
authorities as necessary.
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RESOURCES
Agriculture & Resource Management Council of Australia & New Zealand, Australian
& New Zealand Environment & Conservation Council and Forestry Ministers, (2001)
Weeds of National Significance Lantana (Lantana camara) Strategic Plan. National
Weeds Strategy Executive Committee. Launceston.
Batianoff, G.N. & Butler, D.W. (2002) Assessment of invasive naturalized plants in
south-east Queensland, Plant Protection Quarterly 17: 27-34.
Blood, K. (1999) Garden Plants under the Spotlight (DRAFT). CRC for Weed
Management Systems.
EPA (2002) Invasive naturalised plants in south east Queensland, alphabetical by
genus [Online] Available:
http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/publications/p00726aa.pdf/Invasive_naturalised_plants_in_
Southeast_Queensland_alphabetical_by_genus.pdf Accessed: 4th September, 2007.
Gilman, E.F. & Watson, D.G. (1993) Jacaranda mimosifolia [Online] Available:
http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/JACMIMA.pdf Accessed: 7th September, 2007.
Gosper, C.R., Stansbury, C.D. & Vivian-Smith, G. (2005) Seed dispersal of fleshyfruited invasive plants by birds: contributing factors and management options,
Diversity and Distributions 11(6): 549-558.
Groves, R.H., Boden, R. & Lonsdale, W.M. (2005) Jumping the Garden Fence:
Invasive Garden Plants in Australia and their Environmental and Agricultural Impacts,
CSIRO report prepared for WWF-Australia. WWF-Australia. Sydney.
NR&M (2002) Queensland Weed Strategy 2002-2006, Natural Resources & Mines
(Land Protection Branch). Brisbane.
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NR&W (2005) Easter cassia [Online] Available:
http://www.nrw.qld.gov.au/pests/weeds/non_declared_plants/easter_cassia.html
Accessed: 12th September, 2007.
NR&W (2006) Declared Plants of Queensland, Natural Resources & Water (Land
Protection Branch). Brisbane.
Parsons, W.T. & Cuthbertson, E.G. (2001) Noxious Weeds of Australia, 2nd edition.
CSIRO Publishing. Melbourne.
Plantnet (2007) Flora online [Online] Available:
http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/search/index.html Accessed: 12th September, 2007.
Randall, R. P. (2002). A Global Compendium of Weeds. R. G. & F.J. Richardson,
Melbourne.
Vitelli, J.S. & Pitt, J.L. (2006) Assessment of current weed control methods relevant to
the management of the biodiversity of Australian rangelands, The Rangeland Journal
28: 37-46.
Williams, J.A. & West, C.J. (2000) Environmental weeds in Australia and New
Zealand: issues and approaches to management, Austral Ecology 25(5): 425-444.
Fact Sheets
NR&W (2006) Basket or Ground Asparagus Fern, Natural Resources & Water (Land
Protection Branch). Brisbane
NR&W (2006) Camphor Laurel, Natural Resources & Water (Land Protection Branch).
Brisbane
NR&W (2006) Climbing Asparagus Fern, Natural Resources & Water (Land Protection
Branch). Brisbane
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NR&W (2006) Fireweed, Natural Resources & Water (Land Protection Branch).
Brisbane
NR&W (2006) Lantana, Natural Resources & Water (Land Protection Branch).
Brisbane
NR&W (2006) Prickly Pear Identification and their Control, Natural Resources & Water
(Land Protection Branch). Brisbane
NR&W (2006) Umbrella Tree, Natural Resources & Water (Land Protection Branch).
Brisbane
NR&W (2007) Cat’s Claw Creeper, Natural Resources & Water (Land Protection
Branch). Brisbane
NR&W (2007) Groundsel Bush, Natural Resources & Water (Land Protection Branch).
Brisbane
NR&W (2007) Mother of Millions, Natural Resources & Water (Land Protection
Branch). Brisbane
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APPENDIX 1 - Samford Valley Regional Ecosystems Classifications Map.
SERF
Appendix 1. Map showing the location of SERF and the Pine Rivers Shire Council
classification of vegetation types. Modified from “Pine Rivers Plan. Overlay Code 1A.
Biodiversity (Terrestrial Ecosystems) Map 3.5. Sheet 12 of 14”.
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APPENDIX 2 – Samford Valley Biodiversity Corridors Map
SERF
Appendix 2. Map showing the location of SERF and the Pine Rivers Shire Council
biodiversity corridors. Modified from “Pine Rivers Plan. Overlay Code 1B. Biodiversity
(Biodiversity Corridors) Map 3.5. Sheet 12 of 14”.
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APPENDIX 3 – Weed Infestation Zones at SERF Aerial Photograph Overlay
Legend
Property Boundary
Samford Ck Property
Boundary
Vehicle Access Road
Drainage Course
“The Barracks”
Zone 1 - High Weed
Density and/or Riparian
Zone 2 - Medium Weed
Density
Zone 3 - Low Weed Density
Zone 4 - High Weed
Density Swamp
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APPENDIX 4 – Chemical Control Methods
1.
Cut stump-paint: This method applies to woody shrubs, trees and some vines.
•
Cut the plant at a slight angle very low to the ground
•
Apply the recommenced herbicide at the appropriate concentration directly
onto the cut with either a paintbrush or small trigger sprayer
•
Treatment must occur within 15 seconds of making the cut
•
Take care that the paintbrush is not contaminated with soil
2.
Gouge-paint: This method applies to some woody shrubs and weeds that have
a fleshy root system, such as rhizomatous species. It is particularly appropriate
for Asparagus spp.
•
Gouge out sections of the fleshy base with a knife
•
Apply the recommenced herbicide at the appropriate concentration directly
onto the cut with either a paintbrush or small trigger sprayer
•
Treatment must occur within 15 seconds of making the cut
•
For Asparagus repeat these directions with a second round of gouges at
shoulder height for climbers and halfway along each stem for non-climbers.
3.
Stem injection: This method applies to woody shrubs and trees with stem
diameters greater than 10cm.
•
With a tomahawk, make a cut the width of the blade at a slight downward angle
into the trunk
•
Ensure the cuts are deep enough to penetrate the vascular cambium but not
too deep into the heartwood
•
Apply the recommenced herbicide at the appropriate concentration directly into
the cut with either a syringe or small trigger sprayer
•
Treatment must occur within 15 seconds of making the cut
•
Repeat this procedure in a brickwork pattern around the circumference of the
plant as close to the ground as possible.
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•
For plants with a crotch angle close to the ground, make cuts above it
•
Two rows of cuts will be sufficient for plants with stems up to 10cm in diameter.
Larger plants will require more
•
4.
Treat all visible lateral roots in the same manner
Spraying: This includes spot spraying and general crown spraying.
•
For spot-spraying and general spraying over large areas or for numerous
plants, a 15 litre backpack spray unit with an adjustable spray nozzle will be
used
•
Nozzle is to be adjusted according to the job being undertaken
•
When spraying herbicide into cuts and gouges (see above methods) small
handheld trigger spray packs can be used. N.b. it is commonly accepted
practice to remove the siphon tube from these sprayers so they can be used
upside down for the cut stump-paint method provided the nozzle is tightly
screwed.
•
In each case the recommended herbicide at the appropriate concentration is to
be used with the addition of a dye and surfactant where recommended.
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