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A REPORT ON THE BOTANICAL SURVEY IN SHIMONI FOREST, WASINI ISLAND AND LOWER
MPUNGUTI ISLAND SOUTH COAST OF KENYA.
OBJECTIVE OF THE SURVEY
To find out the plant species composition of shimoni forest and a comparison of the
neighboring two Islands of Wasini and Lower Mpunguti.
INTRODUCTION
Shimoni Forest 0437S 3921E 20M (Neil .Debugs and G.Phillip Clarke 2000). Was about 600ha
surrounding shimoni village on both sides(Ann Robertson and Mr. Luke 1993).This Forest is one
of the two remaining stretches of coral rag Forests in Coastal Kenya after Diani Forest and
Support Rare species of Plants such as Macphesonia gracilis, only known from this region and
one other locality in Kenya and potential useful pole wood tree(Beenje 1990b).Shimoni Forest is
vanishing rapidly because of the increasing demand for land and wood products as shimoni
becomes tourist resort(Ann Robertson and Mr. Luke 1993).Residential houses and hotels are
being constructed on the beach front and forest is being cleared. Further back, the Forest is
being cleared for cultivation and housing by squatters.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
STUDY AREA
Shimoni Forest covers a total area of 600ha (Ann Robertson and Mr. Luke 1993) found in the
south coast of Kenya. 0437S 3921E 20M (Neil .D.Burges and G.Phillip Clarke 2000).Shimoni
Forest lies on a Coral Rag (Ann Robertson and Mr. Luke 1993) .
SITE SELECTION
A reconnaissance survey was carried out in the Month of March 2014 to observe general
physiognomy of the Forest. Data was collected over 90 days in the period of March to June. The
period of data collection were March 2014,April 2014.Different periods were used to address
the flowering times and used for proper identification.
Floristic data were collected at two sites in Shimoni Forest namely Shimoni west Forest and
Shimoni East Forest.
At each site, the project investigator together with the global vision International field staff and
volunteers walked in the Forest for three months. At each Forest location, the investigator
walked through the Forest recording the species seen and collecting where necessary up to a
maximum of four hours.
The Field notes and Identification were made as the plants were pressed in the field. The plant
species that could not be identified in the field directly were pressed in the convectional plant
press and were taken to coastal Forest Herbarium located in Ukunda to be confirmed by other
plant experts.
For the rest of the time, the forest investigator was based in GVI camp located in Shimoni
Village where he could compile the plant list recorded in the field recorded in the computer and
double check the past documentation of Mr. Luke and Ann Robertson. The project investigator
also liaised with the KWS officials in Shimoni to allow him explore the plants of lower Mpunguti
Islands for a comparison with Shimoni Forest.
The project investigator also had a short break during his expedition to plant trees in the
degraded Kaya Forests with the help of elders and youths. These Kayas were Kaya Tiwi, Kaya
Muhaka, Kaya Kinondo, Kaya Diani and Kaya Ukunda.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A total of 236 plants were recorded in both shimoni west and East ranging from trees, woody
herbs, shrubs and climbers/lianas.
PLANT COMMUNITY ANALYSIS
Trichilia emetica, Antiaris toxicaria, Lannea schwanfurdhii type were found to be dominating
the canopy of Shimoni East forest. The understory was occupied with shrubby species such as
Mildredia carponifolius, Uvaria acuminata, Uvaria lucida, Hoslundia opposita.Some pioneer
species were also recorded like Trema orientalis .Remarkable number of Zanthoxylum
Chelybeum, Bivinia jerlberti were also found in Shimoni East Forest growing in a scattering
manner.
Gyrocarpus americana, Lepisanthes senegalensis, Ficus busei type were found to be dominating
the upper story of Shimoni west Forest. The understory was occupied by Ophrypetalum
odoratum, Combretum pentagonum, and Erythrozylum emerginatum.
On the Northern part of the study area, there is a palm woodland that contain five Kenyan
indigenous palm including a population of Elaes guinensis(the wild oil palm)which is a very
important source of germplasm.This palm woodland is dominated by Borrasus ethiopum
,Hyphaenae compressa,H.coriacea and Phonix reclinata.The part of this palm wood land have
been proposed for protection by the Coast Forest survey as strict nature reserve within the
forest reserve covering a wider area of the Shimoni peninsula (Ann Robertson and Mr. Luke
1993)
At the edge of the coral rag forest bordering the sea i.e. both east and west are species of
Sideroxylone inermes,Acacia rovumae,Delbergia vaccinifolius,Comiphora lindensis,Gutteda
speciosa,Cordia subcordata,Cordia guineensis.Further seaside are the species of mangrove like
Heritiera litoralis,Xylocarpus granatum,Xylocarpus moluccensis,Pemphis acidula.
RARE AND THREATENED PLANT SPECIES IN SHIMONI
Shimoni forest support the rare plant species such as Macphesonia gracilis only known in
shimoni forest and mwangea hill and potential wood tree(Beenje 1990b) The forest also
contain three species that have been documented in the IUCN Red list as vulnerable such as
Uvariodendron kirkii,Pycnocoma litoralis,Milbredia carponifolius,Delbergia vaccinifolius.This is
critical to take a key note of against the old GEF report that only documented one endangered
and one vulnerable species as a total of two species.
THE INTERESTING PLANT SPECIES ENCOUNTERD DURING THE SURVEY.
A full list of plants identified in Shimoni forest and Wasini Island are provided in the annex .A
number of particular interesting plants encountered in the in the field are described briefly
below with notes.
Ziziphus robertsoniana belong to the Rhamnaceae family. It is only known in the south coast of
Kenya and some parts of Tanzania and is an endangered species according to ICUN plant
species red list .This species has been documented to be endemic to evergreen forest in the
south coast of Kenya in Dzombo, Mrima, Kinondo, and Chale Island (Henkle Beenje 1994). It is
amazing to have encountered the Ziziphus robertsoniana in Kaya Bogowa for the first time in
Wasini Island growing in close association with Cussonia zimmermani, Gyrocarpus americana
and Euphorbea Nyika.
Geographical position of Ziziphus robertsoniana in Kaya Bogowa is S04.66872 E039.39414,
S04.66843E039.39414.
Another interesting plant species is Macphesonia gracilis that is very common in Shimoni Forest
but scanty in Wasini Island.Macphesonia gracilis is a rare species and is only known from
Shimoni and Mangea Hills. (Luke and Ann Robertson, 1993)
Other species encountered are Uvariodendron kirkii, Encephalatos hilderbrandtii, Mildredia
carponifolius that are vulnerable and near threatened species according to the IUCN Red List
both in Shimoni forest and Wasini Islands.
There are some plant species with unique growth patterns like Gyrocarpus Americana. This
species grows in clusters in Western parts of Shimoni forests and in Eastern parts of Wasini
Islands.
Another interesting species that was observed during the survey at Lower Mpunguti was
Mondia ecornuta.This species was only known to be found in Shimba Hills, Mrima (Beenje
1994). It was collected in Shimoni West (Ann Robertson and Mr. Luke 1993) .Berlaria wheytai
was also observed a species that is only known in Kaya Bogowa (Ann Robertson and Mr. Luke
1993)
MEDICINAL PLANTS IN SHIMOLNI FORESTS AND WASINI ISLANDS, LOWER MPUNGUTI.
Between 70% and 80% of the population of Africa is believed to rely on traditional medicine as
primary health care (Cunningham 1993).Medicinal plants are widely used in Africa (Kokwaro,
1976, Hedberg et al 1982a.b, Croom 1983, Piuret 1996, Akerele et al 1991).It is worth
mentioning that Shimoni forest and Wasini Island are still very rich in medicinal plants some of
which were documented in the past Neil D. Burgess and G.Phillip Clarke 1989.
The Shimoni forest lower Mpunguti and Wasini Island can be study ground of medicinal plants
in future if well protected and thus enabling discoveries of new drugs to fight daily ailments in
the society such as cancer, Malaria, Aids and Ulcers.
A list of medicinal plants in Shimoni Forests lower Mpunguti and Wasini Islands containing
Biological active compounds (Neil D. Burgess and G.Phillip Clarke 1989)
Uvaria lucida
Extract show in vitro activity against
multidrug resistance strain of falciparum
malaria
Nkunya
et al
(1990)
Uvaria acumminata
Contain reserpine and deserpidine.The
root extract produce hypotention and
counteract effect of adrenaline
Contain uvaricine and desacetylluvaricin
that show invivo antituma action also
antibacterial action shown by root and leaf
extract
Chhabra
et al
(1987)
Chhabra
et al
(1987)
Omphagolonus
calophyllus
Contain aglycones that have cardiotonic
action
OliverBever
(1986)
Antiaris toxicaria.
Small doses of dry latex may stimulate the
heart and circulation. Very toxic in high
doses.
OliverBever
(1986)
Root tuber contains alkaloids with central
Nervous system stimulating property
Chhabra
et al
(1987)
Bulb contains alkolaids
lychorine,chlidanthine,hamanthidine
Chhabra
et al
(1987)
Rauvolfia mombasiana
Dioscorea dumetorum
Scodoxus multiflorus
Common in
Shimoni
West and
East Forest
areas.
Common in
Shimoni
Forest.
Common in
Shimoni
west and
East forest
Common
shimoni
village in
abandoned
buildings.
Common in
the Shimoni
West forest
but being cut
down
currently.
Common in
Wasini East
Forest next
to the sea.
Common in
Wasini East
and Kaya
Bogowa.
INVASIVE ALLIEN SPECIES IN SHIMONI FOREST
Dramatic global increase of invasive alien species (IAS) and the severe negative impact and high
economic cost (Charles victor Barber .et.al., 2004).Preventing invasive alien species is a global
challenge. The degraded parts of shimoni forest is no longer supporting the native plant species
of coral rag forest but the alien invasive species like lantana camara,lantana virbunoides and
none native plant species such as Azadirachta indica,Pedilianthus tithymaloides.Many hoteliers
have introduced many exotic plants in their hotels not knowing that the patches of the
remaining shimoni forest still contain wild ornamental plants that can be domesticated such as
pentas busei, Encephalatos hilderbrandtii,Zamioculcas zamiofolius ,Gloriosa superba and
Culcasia orientalis.
INDEGENEOUS PLANT KNOWLEDGE IN SHIMONI FOREST
Domestication of some medicinal plants is also practiced in shimoni village that comprises of
the Digo, Wavumba people.
Ziziphus mauritaniana is planted in the homestead and used for treating stomach upset and
chest pain. According to the user, the plant is frequently used and planting it near household
reduces the need to go to the forest to collect it.
The potential medicinal plants that have been researched to be active against colon cancer
were also observed growing in shimoni village like Jateorhiza palmata.
Other species like Adansonia digitata, Sclerocarya birrea, Trichilia emetica, Fernandoa
magnifica, Lannea schwanfurdhii were also observed in Shimoni village where they were used
as shade trees and as a support for clothe line .Exotic plants such as Annona squamosa,
Azadirachta indica, Tamarindus indica were also observed. The traditional vegetable plant
species such as Asystasia gangetica were observed being harvested by village women as source
of vegetables.
Omphagolonus calophyllus and Combretum paniculatum species were the most abundant
climbers in shimoni village in abandoned houses.
Other species were observed growing on the walls in Shimoni village causing damage like Ficus
bubu.
VEGETATION DEGREDATION OF SHIMONI FOREST
Shimoni forest is one of the remaining stretches of coral rag forest of coastal Kenya after Diani
forest (Ann Robertson and Mr. Luke 1993).It is vanishing rapidly because of the increasing
demand of land and wooden product as shimoni becomes a tourist resort.
Residential houses and hotels are being constructed on the sea front and the forest is being
cleared. Further back the forest is being cleared for cultivation and housing by squatters. Big
trees are being cut down in the Shimoni East for charcoal burning. These species include
Antiaris toxicaria, Lannea schwanfurdhii, Ficus sycomorus, Zanthozylum Chelybeum.
The Forest is also being cut down for maize cultivation despite the fact that the soil is very
shallow that does not support agriculture.
Degrated parts of shimoni forest .
PHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL COMPARISON
Shimoni forest plant species composition was compared to the two islands i.e. Wasini Islands
and Lower Mpunguti.
Mpunguti is still pristine in plant species composition as compared to shimoni and Wasini.
Some parts of Wasini Islands are being degraded for example Mkwiro (S04.63786E039.37053)
that is now becoming dominated by Azadirachta indica.
Wasini Islands is unique in some species composition as compared to Mpunguti and Shimoni
such as Ziziphus robertsoniana, Encephalatos hilderbrandtii, and Berlaria wheytai and
Strophanthus petersianus.
PLANT CHECKLIST OF SHIMONI FORES
Abutilion maurtiana
Acacia rovumae
Acacia zansibarica
Acalypha fructicosa
Acridorcapus zanzibaricus
Adasnsonia digitata
Adenium obesum
Adenia gummifera
Afzelia quanzensis
Albizia versicolour
Alchornea laxiflora
Ancylobotrys pertersiana
Annona senegalensis
Antiaris toxicaria
Lepisanthes senegalensis
Asparagus buchananii
Asparagus falcutas
Asparagus setaceus
Asystacia gangatica
Adenanthera parvonina
Achranthes aspera
Ampelocissus africana
Borrasus ethiopum
Berleria setigera
Bivinia julbertii
Blepharis madrepartensis
Bidens pilosa
Blighia unijugata
Boureria petiolaris
Bridelia carhatica
Caesalpinia bunduc
Caparis erythrocarpus
Carpodiptera africa
Cassia abbreviata
Ceiba pentendra
Chazaliela abrupta
Cissampelos pareira
Cissus araliodes
Cissus intergrefolia
Cissus quadrangularis
Cissus rundifolium
Coffee sessiflora
Growing in mangrove in the western forest
Currently being cut down for timber
Cut down for making canoe
Exotic but becoming wild in the west forest
Mono specific genus
Mono specific genus
Exotic not wild in the forest
New is cissus phymatocarpa
Colubrina asiatica
Cyphocytema deparquatii
Combretum pantagonum
Combretum paniculatum
Commiphora africana
Commiphora lindensis
Commiphora edulis
Cordia goetzei
Cordia subcordata
Cordia guieensis
Cremaspora triflora
Chatranthus obliquanavis
Cussonia zimmermanii
Cryptolepis hypoglauca
Cyphostema adenocuale
Discoirea dumetorum
Dioscoirea hirtiflora
Dechapetalum madagascariense
Deinbolia borbonica
Dichrostachys cinerea
Delonix regia
Dodonaea viscosa
Diospyros squarrosa
Drypetes parvifolia
Drypetes reticulata
Ecbolium amplexicuale
Eryrthrina sacleuxii
Erythroxylum emerginum
Eleondendron schweinfurthianum
Euphorbia hirtus
Euphorbia tiriculi
Fernandoa magnifica
Ficus bubu
Ficus ottoonnifolia
Ficus exasperata
Ficus sur
Ficus polita
Ficus sansibarica
Ficus sycomorus
Flueggea virosa
Grewia glandulosa
Grewia plagiopylla
Gloriosa superba
Gonotopus boivinii
Gutterda speciosa
Growing next high water mark
Growing in abandoned building in shimoni
village
Wild in the west forest
Debarking to kill fish
Gyrocarpus americana
Haplocoelum inopoleum
Hibiscus micranthus
Harrisonia abbysinica
Holarrhena pubescens
Hunteria zeylanica
Hoslundia opposita
Hyphanae compressa
Hyptis suaveolens
Ipomea shupangensis
Taperthum operculina
Jeteorhiza palmata
Keetia zansibarensis
Lannae schwanfurthii
Lannae welwischii
Lantana camara
Launaea cornuta
Lecaniodiscus fraxinifolius
Lepisanthes senegalensis
Ludia mauritiana
Macphersonia gracilis
Maerua triphylla
Majidea zanguebarica
Mallotus oppositifolus
Mimusops obtusifolia
Mayena heterophyllus
Maniikara sulcata
Mangifera indica
Mildbreadia carpinifolia
Milicia exelsa
Momordica henriquesii
Monodora grandierii
Ochna microcalyx
Monodora grandierii
Makhamia zansibarica
Millettia usaramensis
Monodora grandierii
Ocimum grattisimum
Ocimum suave
Oncoba spinosa
Ophrypetalum odoratum
Opilia amentacea
Ormocarpum sennoides
Pancovia golungensis
Pandanus kirkii
Parquentina nigrescens
Peltophorum africana
Pentaropis nivalis
Phoenix reclinata
Piliostigma thonningii
Phyllanthus reticulatus
Polysphaeria multiflora
Premna sinensis
Pithelocelobeum dulce
Premna chrysoclada
Premna hilderbrandtii
Pseuderenthemum hilderbrandii
Psycoctria amboniana
Psidia punctulata
Pulchea dioscoridis
Pycnocoma litoralis
Rauvolfia mombasiana
Ricinus communis
Rhynchosia hirta
Rhynchosia minima
Saba comorensis
Sansevieria conspicua
Salvodora persica
Sclerocarya birrea
Scodoxus multiflora
Secamone parvifolia
Senna occindentale
Senna sanguena
Solanum incanum
Soridendea madagascariensis
Sideroxylone inermes
Sparthodea campanulata
Sphaerocoryne gracilis
Starchytarpheta urticifolius
Sterculia africana
Stereospermum kunthianum
Syndrella nodiflora
Surugeda ansibarensis
Synadenium preskiifolium
Synaptolepis kirkii
Tarbanaemontana elegans
Tarmarindus indica
Tarenna nigrescenes
Tarenna graveolens
Thurnbergia alata
Tinospora oblingifolia
Taliacora funifera
Exotic
Exotic
Planted in Homestead
Tragia furialis
Trema orientalis
Dragea rubicunda
Toddalia asiatica
Triainolepis africana
*Tricalysia pallens
Trichilia emetica
Turrae nilotica
Turrae mombasiana
Uvaria lucida
Uvaria acuminata
Uvariodendron kirkii
Vangueria randii
Vepris eugenifolius
Vismia orientalis
Zanthoxylum Chelybeum
Ziziphus mauritiana
Capparis tomentosa
Hibiscus schizopetalus
*Phaulopis gediensi
Jateohiza palmata
Tiliacora caffra
Operculina terpethum
Pentas buseii
*Plectranthus tenuiflorus
Turrae floribunda
Ampelocissus africana
Afrocanthium pseudoverticilliatum
Cladostemon kirkii
Chatranthus obliqenervis
Pergularia daemia
Physchotria capensis
Premna chrysoclada
Stricnos spinosa
PLANTS OF WASINI ISLANDS
Grewia glandulosa
Turrae wakefildii
Caesalpinia bunduc
Mimusops obtusifolia
Gyrocarpuus americana
Euphorbia nyikae
Boureria petiolaris
Ziziphus robertsoniana
Known from kaya bogowa
Adansonia digitatas
Senna sanguena
Vepris trochocarpa
Tarena nigrescens
Zamioculcus zamiofolius
Acalypha ornata
Coffee sessiflora
Dragea rubicunda
Scodoxus multiflora
Ochna thomasiana
Phyllanthus reticulata
Tarbanaemontana elegans
Acridorcarpus zanzibaricus
Ipomea shupangensis
Toddalia asiatica
Mayena heterophyllus
Alchornea laxiflora
Cyphostemma buchananii
Ficus polita
Lannea welwischii
Trichilia emetica
Hunteria zeylanica
Cussonia zimmermani
Rinorea illicifolia
Commiphora lindensis
Omorcarpum sennoides
Haplocoeleum inoploeum
Cissus intergrefolia
Cremaspora triflora
Grewia plagiophylla
Lannea scwanfurthii
Pentaropis navalis
Vepris eugenifolius
Ficus sur
Ficus exaspereta
Dioscoirea hirtifloras
Millitia usaramensis
Capparis Erythrocarpous
Turrae nilotica
Ludia mauritiana
Physchotria amboniana
Erythrina sacleuxii
Surugeda sansibarensis
Premna resinosa
Opilia amentacea
Bridelia carhatica
Zanthoxylum Chelybeum
Uvaria lucida
Uvaria acuminta
Euphorbea tiriculi
Acalypha fructicosa
Synaptolepis kirkii
Ancylobotris petersiana
Delbergia vaccinfolius
Harrisonia abbysinica
Gutterda speciosa
Cordia subcordata
Dodonea viscosa
Cordia goetzei
Encephalatos hilderbrandtii
Lecaniodiscus fraxinifolius
Macphersonia gracilis
Acacia adenocalyx
*Berleria whytei
Richia capparpides
Acridocarpus zansibarica
Combretum schumanii
Asteranthe asterias
Uvraiodendron kirkii
Lepisanthes senegalensis
Bauhinia tomentosa
Adenium gummifera
Pancovia golungensis
Eleondrendron schawanfurthii
Pandanus kirii
Sideroxylone inermes
Psidia punctata
Cylocarpus mollucensis
Polysepharia parviflora
Sophora tomentosa
Euphorbia tiriculi
Drypetes reticulta
Solanum incanum
Carpodiptera Africana
*Straphonthmanus pertesiana
Sterculia Africana
Orchidiacea sp
Sansiviera conspicua
Grewia plagiophylla
Tricalysia pallens
Commiphora lindensis
Commiphora edulis
Clerodendrum glabrum
PLANTS OF LOWER MPUNGUTI ISLAND
Commiphora edulis
Vitex triphylla
Gutterda speciosa
Delbargia vacciniifolius
Cyphostema buchananii
Pemphis acidula
Commiphora lindensis
Lannea welwischii
Scodoxus multiflorus
Cissus quadrangularis
Sideroxylone inermes
Hibiscus schizopetalus
*Solanum spp( climbing)
Physchotria amboniana
Synaptolepis kirkii
Phaulopis gediensis
Sansiviera spp
Cissus rotundifolia
Euphorbia nyikae
Cremaspora triflora
Rhynchosia congensis
Ecbleolium amplexicuale
Cyphostemma adenocuale
Vernonia hilderbrandtii
Ficus zansibarica
Asystasia gangatica
Abrus precatorius
Turrae mombassana
Psederenthemum hilderbrandii
Maerua triphylla
Clerodenrum zansibarensis
Indigoffera trita
Erythrina sacleuxii
Asparagus buchananii
Bridelia carthatica
Richia capparoideds
Grewia glandulosa
Boureria petiolaris
Deinbolia borbornica
Achornea laxiflora
Ipomea mauritiana
Sparagus setaceus
Dioscorea hirtiflora
Ficus ottoniifolia
Berlaria wheytai
Haplcoelum inpoleum
Hunteria zeylanica
Phyllanthus reticulate
Turrae nilotica
Mayena heterophyllus
Drypetes reticulata
Capparis viminae
Pavetta crebrifolia
Acalypha neptunica
Coccinia spp
Acalypha fruticosa
Zamiocilcas zamiofolia
Ancylobotris petersiana
Premna sinensis
Polysepharia parvifolia
Vepris eugenifolius
Ficus sur
Azima tetracantha
Trichilia emetica
Causurina equestifolia
Clerodendrum glabrum
Cryptolepis hypoglauca
Ludia mauritiana
Ormocarpum sennoides
Ochna thomasiana
Markhamia zanzibaricus
Salacia spp
Grandierii boivinii
Diospyros squarosa
Vismia orientalis
Ficus polita
Ophrypetalum odoratum
Zanthoxylum Chelybeum
Acridocarpus zansbaricus
Mollotus oppostifolius
Milletia usaramensis
Salacia stuhlmaniana
Culcasia orientalia
*Mondia ecurnata
Gonatopus boivinii
Haplocoelum inpoleum
Ipomea shupangensis
Harrisonia abbysinica
Dioscoirea quatiniana
Physchotria capensis
Capparis erythrocarpus
Vismia orientalis
Ipomea shupangensis
Secamone parvifolia
Diospyros abbysinica
A tezima tetracantha
Chazaliela abrupta
Cissampelos pareira
Coccinia grandis
Indigoffera trita
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Shimoni forest is one of two remaining coral rag forest in the coastal forest of Kenya was found
to be home of diverse groups of plants species. The forest is being severely exploited by the
local people living around natural forest. The observed major threats to plants in the study a
were deforestation, agricultural expansion. This calls for that need of serious attention for
conservation and management as a whole. Hence the following recommendation is made to
meet these objectives.
-Give conservation priority for the identified threaten plants.
-Promote in-situ conservation and establish nurseries for ex-situ conservation of threatened
plants.
-Reserve certain parts of the forest for nature reserve and protect from home interference.
-Create awareness and sense of ownership of the local people in forest conservation and
managements.
-Create woodlots to avoid too much pressure in the forest for wood fuel.
-Promote forest education to the community on the forest protection.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I am grateful to the staff and volunteers of the Global Vision International (GVI).I am strongly
grateful to the KWS officials who gave me access to the Lower Mpunguti Forest. I do also
acknowledge Mr. Sean White for his financial support during my survey. I am grateful to Mr.
Brian for his encouragement and inspiration during the survey. I do appreciate Mr.Saidi
Chisinga a Para-taxonomist at the coastal forest herbarium located in Ukunda who helped me in
identification of unknown species. I do appreciate also Mr. Paul Opere who helped me in the
compilation of the comprehensive list.
BIBLIOGRAHY
Coastal Forest of Eastern Africa (1989) By Neil D. Burgess and G. Philip Clarke2.
Traditional Medicine in Africa (1995) By Isaac Sindiga, Chacha Nayaigotti-Chacha and Mary
PeterKanunah3.
Journal of East African Natural History (2007) Volume 96 Part 2 By National Museums of
Kenya4.
Journal of East African Natural History (2008) Volume 97 Part 2 By National Museums of
Kenya
Kenya Trees Shrubs and Lianas (2004) By Henk Beentje6.
Digo Ethnobotancal Study (2005) By Mohammed Pakia7.
Medicinal plants of east Africa (1976) By J.O. Kokwaro