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Inland Silverside Inland Silverside Photo credits: Jim Negus Scientific Name Menidia beryllina (Cope, 1867) Family Name Atherinopsidae New World Silversides Did you know? Inland silversides are commonly used in toxicological studies that assess the sensitivity of these fish to various water pollutants such as chlorine and water-soluble extracts of crude oil (Weinstein 1986). Summary Protection Not listed in New York State, not listed federally. This level of state protection means: The species is not listed or protected by New York State. Rarity G5, S2S3 A global rarity rank of G5 means: Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery. A state rarity rank of S2S3 means: Imperiled or Vulnerable in New York - Very vulnerable to disappearing from New York, or vulnerable to becoming imperiled in New York, due to rarity or other factors; typically 6 to 80 populations or locations in New York, few individuals, restricted range, few remaining acres (or miles of stream), and/or recent and widespread declines. More information is needed to assign a single conservation status. Conservation Status in New York The rank is based on a limited distribution in the state. Additional information on the population and threats is needed to better inform the state rank. Short-term Trends The short-term trends are unknown (New York State Department of Environmental Conservation 2006). NYNHP Conservation Guide - Inland Silverside (Menidia beryllina) Long-term Trends The long-term trends are unknown (New York State Department of Environmental Conservation 2006). Conservation and Management Threats The impacts of potential threats are not known (New York State Department of Environmental Conservation 2006). Conservation Strategies and Management Practices A management plan that addresses the needs for mitigating impacts to estuarine forage fish should be developed (New York State Department of Environmental Conservation 2006). Research Needs Field studies to determine the habitat requirements of all life stages should be initiated. Field and laboratory studies should also examine the effects of mosquito control and predation on all life stages (New York State Department of Environmental Conservation 2006). Habitat Inland silversides can be found in the shallows of tidal salt marshes and estuaries, showing a stronger preference for low salinity waters. They can also be found in freshwater ponds, lakes, and reservoirs and have been introduced into some locations (Smith 1985, Weinstein 1986). Spawning habitat includes shallow fresh or brackish waters with an ample amount of dead leaves, tree roots, algal mats, or aquatic plants for the eggs to adhere to (Weinstein 1986). Associated Ecological Communities Tidal River The aquatic community of a river under the influence of daily lunar tides. We restrict this community to the continuously flooded portions of the river where plants do not grow out of the water. A deepwater zone has depths averaging more than 2 m (6 ft) at low tide. Salinities at any one place in the river may fluctuate as the tides flow in and out. Associated Species Atlantic Silverside (Menidia menidia) Identification Comments NYNHP Conservation Guide - Inland Silverside (Menidia beryllina) 2 Identifying Characteristics The inland silverside is a small fish, approximately 2 to 4 inches (5 to 10 cm) in length (Carpenter 2002). The upper sides are yellow to olive in color and the underside is pale to translucent yellow. A thin metallic-silver stripe runs along the length of the body. The dark lateral line is composed of a series of pits in the lateral scales. The posterior end of the dorsal fin is directly above the posterior end of the anal fin. The tail is slightly forked. The eggs are generally smaller than 0.04 inches (1 mm) and have filaments that help them to adhere to aquatic vegetation and to each other (Smith 1985, Weinstein 1986). Characteristics Most Useful for Identification The pit-like lateral line composition and the posterior margin of the dorsal fin being directly above the posterior margin of the anal fin are the most useful characteristics in distinguishing the inland silverside from the Atlantic silverside (Smith 1985). Behavior The inland silverside is a short-lived schooling fish, rarely living past its first breeding season. In the northern range, inland silversides generally have one spawning season per year, but in the southern range, they can have two spawning seasons per year (Middaugh and Hemmer 1992). Females produce eggs (200-1000 depending on size) and spawn daily throughout the spawning season (Hubbs 1982). The majority spawn and die their second summer of life and few survive to their second winter. After the eggs are laid, they hatch in 4-30 days, depending on water temperature (13-34 degrees Celsius) (Middaugh and Hemmer 1992). Diet Inland silversides feed during the day on various copepods, mysids, amphipods, isopods, and insects. They generally take their prey in the water column, but the presence of sand in the stomachs of some specimens indicates that bottom feeding does occur (Weinstein 1986). The Best Time to See In New York, inland silversides can be found in tidal salt marshes along Long Island Sound and in the lower Hudson River throughout the year. The reproductive season starts in April and continues through July (Middaugh and Hemmer 1992). NYNHP Conservation Guide - Inland Silverside (Menidia beryllina) 3 Active Reproducing Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec The time of year you would expect to find Inland Silverside in New York. Similar Species Atlantic Silverside(Menidia menidia): In the Atlantic silverside, the posterior margin of the dorsal fin is in front of the posterior margin of the anal fin, the lateral line is composed of tubes passing through the lateral scales, and the lateral scale count is higher than in the inland silverside (Smith 1985). Taxonomy Kingdom Animalia Phylum Craniata Class Ray-finned Fishes (Actinopterygii) Order Silversides (Atheriniformes) Family Atherinopsidae (New World Silversides) Additional Resources Links A Global Information System on Fishes http://fishbase.org NatureServe Explorer http://natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=MENIDIA+BERYLLINA Google Images http://images.google.com/images?q=MENIDIA+BERYLLINA References Carpenter, K.E., editor. 2002. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2: Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists and the Food and Drug Administration. Chernoff, B., J. V. Conner, and C. F. Bryan. 1981. Systematics of the Menidia beryllina complex (Pisces: Atherinidae) from the Gulf of Mexico and its tributaries. Copeia 1981:319-336. Echelle, A. A., and A. F. Echelle. 1997. Patterns of abundance and distribution among members of a unisexual-bisexual complex of fishes (Atherinidae: Menidia). Copeia 1997:249-259. Echelle, A. A., et al. 1989. Mitochondrial-DNA diversity and the origin of the MENIDIA CLARKHUBBSI complex of unisexual fishes (Atherinidae). Evolution 43:984-993. Greeley, J.R. 1939. The freshwater fishes of Long Island and Staten Island with annotated list. pp NYNHP Conservation Guide - Inland Silverside (Menidia beryllina) 4 29-63. In: New York Conservation Department: A biological survey of the fresh waters of Long Island. Suppl. to 28th ann. report, 1938. Albany, NY. Hubbs, C. 1982. Life history dynamics of Menidia beryllina from Lake Texoma. The American Midland Naturalist. 107(1):1-12. Keys, Jr.,J.; Carpenter, C.; Hooks, S.; Koenig, F.; McNab, W.H.; Russell, W.;Smith, M.L. 1995. Ecological units of the eastern United States - first approximation (cd-rom), Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. GIS coverage in ARCINFO format, selected imagery, and map unit tables. Korth, J. W., and J. M. Fitzsimons. 1987. Karyology of three species of eastern North American atherinid fishes. Copeia 1987:505-509. Lee, D. S., C. R. Gilbert, C. H. Hocutt, R. E. Jenkins, D. E. McAllister, and J. R. Stauffer, Jr. 1980 et seq. Atlas of North American Freshwater Fishes. North Carolina State Museum of Natural History, Raleigh, North Carolina. i-x + 854 pp. Metcalfe, C. D. 1989. Tests for predicting carcinogenicity in fish. Reviews in Aquatic Sciences 1 (1):111-129. Middaugh, D. P. and M. J. Hemmer. 1992. Reproductive ecology of the inland silverside, Menidia beryllina, (Pices: Atherinidae) from Blackwater Bay, Florida. Copeia. 1:53-61. Middaugh, D. P., et al. 1985. Preliminary data on use of the inland silverside, MENIDIA BERYLINNA, to control mosquito larvae. J. Am. Mosquito Control Assoc. 1(4):435-441. Moyle, P. B. 1976. Inland fishes of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California. 405 pp. NatureServe. 2005. NatureServe Central Databases. Arlington, Virginia. USA New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Fish, Wildlife, and Marine Resources. 2006. New York State Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy. Albany, NY: New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Page, L. M., and B. M. Burr. 1991. A field guide to freshwater fishes: North America north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts. 432 pp. Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea, and W.B. Scott. 1991. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. American Fisheries Society, Special Publishing 20. 183 pp. Smith, C.L. 1985. The Inland Fishes of New York State. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Albany, NY. 522pp. Sublette, J. E., M. D Hatch, and M. Sublette. 1990. The fishes of New Mexico. University New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, New Mexico. 393 pp. Weinstein, M. P. 1986. Habitat suitability index models: inland silverside. U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 82(10.120). 25 pp. Whitworth, W. R., P. R. Berrien, and W. T. Keller. 1968. Freshwater fishes of Connecticut. State Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 101. 134 pp. New York Natural Heritage Program 625 Broadway, 5th Floor, Albany, NY 12233-4757 Phone: (518) 402-8935 NYNHP Conservation Guide - Inland Silverside (Menidia beryllina) 5 [email protected] This project is made possible with funding from: - New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Hudson River Estuary Program - Division of Lands & Forests, Department of Environmental Conservation NYNHP Conservation Guide - Inland Silverside (Menidia beryllina) 6 - New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation Information for this guide was last updated on Oct 30, 2015 This guide was authored by NYNHP Conservation Guide - Inland Silverside (Menidia beryllina) 7