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Use of Fish Functional Traits for Ecosystem Restoration Assessment: A Focus on Biological Impairment Due to Suspended Sediment John S. Schwartz, PhD, PE University of Tennessee Knoxville NCSU Stream Restoration Conference 2010 Stream Restoration in the Southeast: Connecting Communities with Ecosystems Raleigh, North Carolina Stream Sediment/Siltation Loss of biological integrity due to siltation in rivers and streams is a major cause of water quality impairment in the United States. National Water Quality Inventory Report to Congress, 2002 Report Cycle; October 2007; EPA 841-R-07-001 1 Establishing Links between Ecological Degradation Response and Character of the Sediment Stressor Conceptual p Framework to Establishing g Links Sediment Stressor Autecological Relationship Suspended Sediment ConcentrationFrequency-duration; Seasonal timing - Bedload Transport Magnitude-Frequency; Seasonal timing - Spawning - Habitat/Refugia Bed Sediment Bed Composition Heterogeneity - Feeding - Spawning - Habitat/Refugia Species Filter Feeding Spawning Seeking Cover Habitat/Refugia species pool 0 +0+++00 0+0+ Links Study Objective In order to address these analysis issues: Study Objective: Evaluate whether a functional traits approach using fish autecological data can effectively relate traits to suspended sediment exposure metrics as stressor gradients. Functional Traits Approach: Poff et al. (2006) suggests biotic guilds, a group of species that exploit environmental resources in the same way , can better correlate with regional stressor and natural environmental gradients, and be used as predictive indicators to biological impairment. Frimpong and Angermeier (2009): Fish Traits Database Andrew Simon, Lauren Klimetz | Co-authors for the Dakota project USDA ARS National Sedimentation Laboratory Environmental Monitoring & Assessment (2010) | DOI 10.1007/s10661-010-1741-8 2 Methods: Study Design Identify USGS Gauging Stations with Flow/ Suspended Data Co-locate Fish Collections with USGS Gauging Stations Compile Fish Data: Species Presence/Absence per Site Compute Suspended Sediment Concentration Frequency, Duration, and Dose during Biologically-active Biologically active Months Develop Autecological Attribute Data M i for Matrix f Species Present Compile Occurrences of Functional Traits (Autecological) Attributes per Site by Species Present BIOLINK Statistical Correlation Analysis of Concentration, Frequency, and Duration; and Dose Levels with Functional Traits Occurrence Study Location Northwestern Great Plains Ecoregion (ER 43) * 58 co-located fish sites with USGS suspended sediment data SW North Dakota W South Dakota SE Montana NE Wyoming 1997-2006 Databases • USEPA EMAP/REMAP • NDDH, WQ Division • USGS F&W Coop Unit at SD State University • MT Dept. FWP * Only USGS sites in which channel stability condition matched suspended sediment and fish collection periods 3 Methods: Suspended Sediment Metrics Suspended Sediment Concentration Frequency Distributions Fish exposure months: March through g November Additional analysis examined differences among trait expression between stable and unstable channels Each site and concentration percent exceedence has an unique value (mg/L) Methods: Suspended Sediment Metrics Suspended Sediment Concentration Duration Fish exposure months: March through November Each site, and a corresponding % exceedence concentration was used to compute the average number of consecutive days that concentration is exceeded. The avg. no. of consecutive days 11,317.7 mg/L is exceeded 4 Methods: Suspended Sediment Metrics Suspended Sediment Dosage Fish exposure months: March through November Each site, and a corresponding % exceedence concentration, dosage was computed by concentration times duration (mg/L-day) Concentration 11,317.7 mg/L x 1 day = 11,318 mg/L-day Methods: Functional Traits Functional Traits Potential Stress from Excessive Suspended Sediment REARING HABITAT PREFERENCES Excessive sedimentation of habitat types can HABDW: Open deep waters, rivers reduce quality. Fine sediments in riffle gravels HABSW: Open shallow waters, rivers can increase embeddedness. HABPOOL: Pools, streams HABRIF: Riffles, streams FEEDING TROPHIC STRUCTURE TRGEN: Generalist feeder TRHERB: Herbivore TROMN: Omnivore TRINSE: Insectivore TRPISC: Piscivore Generalist feeders, herbivores, and omnivores should be less susceptible to elevated suspended sediment events than sight-feeding insectivores and piscivores. Although, prolonged periods of elevated suspended sediment levels may cause impairment. Information theory approach to ecology 5 Methods: Functional Traits Potential Stress from Excessive Suspended Sediment Functional Traits SPAWNING BEHAVIOR GUILD SPNGOW: Non Non-guarder, guarder, open water dispersion, non-adhesive eggs SPNGOA: Non-guarder, open water dispersion, eggs adhere to rocks/plants SPNGNS: Non-guarder, brood hiders, builds nests SPADH: Guarder, no nest, adhere eggs to substrate SPGHO: Guarder, nest builder, hides eggs in rock/ bed substrate crevices SPGNE: Guarder, nest builder, no specialized material SPGNGR: Guarder, nest builder, use clean gravels SPGNMD: Guarder, nest builder, use mud and/or vegetation Excessive suspended p sediment may affect fish recruitment depending on spawning behavior. For example, fish that do not guard eggs and disperse them into open waters benefit from turbid waters. Whereas, fish that guard their eggs must see predators. Sedimentation may affect fry emergence for fish that build nests in clean gravels. Total Number of Fish Functional Traits = 20 Methods: Functional Traits Autecology Matrix developed from literature: Binary relations with Fish to Trait References: Coker et al. 2001; Smith 1979; Holton 2003; Etnier & Starnes 2001; Rahel & Thel 2004. Site x Functional Trait Expressed Matrix: Per site, fish presence/absence data used Functional Traits Matrix: Occurrence of traits divided by species richness 6 Correlation Analysis Results: Habitat % Exceedence by Concentration (mg/L) Dosage (mg/L-day) Significance level (p < 0.05) SSC = Suspended Sediment Concentration SSC (mg/L) + SSC - (mg/L) Trait Trait Correlation Analysis Results: Feeding % Exceedence by Concentration (mg/L) Significance level (p < 0.05) SSC = Suspended Sediment Concentration SSC (mg/L) + SSC - (mg/L) Trait Trait 7 Correlation Analysis Results: Spawning % Exceedence by Concentration (mg/L) Significance level (p < 0.05) SSC = Suspended Sediment Concentration SSC (mg/L) + SSC - (mg/L) Trait Trait Summary of Results 3 Classes of Significant Corrections with Trait Occurrences and Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) Exceedance Frequencies 1. Across a broad range of SSC 2. Upper range of SSC frequencies 95% - 0.01% frequencies 99% - 50% 3. Lower range of SSC frequencies 25% - 0.01% STRESSORS HABPOOL DrA SSY HABSW SSY TRPISC TRGEN SSY SPNGNS DrA SPGNMD TROMN SSY SPGNGR SSY SPGNE BENEFACTORS HABDW DrA SSY TRHERB DrA SSY SPNGOW DrA SSY Trait occurrences significantly different between stable and unstable channels (p < 0.1) solidly-boxed stable channels, and dashed-boxed unstable channels. 8 Results: Potential Biological Impairment Thresholds ► Functional traits analysis was found to be useful in identifying potential biological g impairment p thresholds due to elevated levels of suspended p sediment based on event concentration, frequency, and duration. 1) < 19 mg L-1 SSC or 1,500 mg L-1 d-1 dose at the 95% exceedance level relating to HABPOOL, TRGEN, TROMN & SPGNGR traits; 2) < 1 mg L-1 SSC at the 99% exceedance level, < 24 mg L-1 at the 95% exceedance level, and < 69 mg L-1 at the 90% exceedance level for watersheds greater than 10,0000 km2 and relatingg to HABSW;; 3) < 27 mg L-1 SSC, < 60 days for SSC ≥ 27 mg L-1 duration, and/or 1,340 mg L-1 d-1 dose at the 90% exceedance level relating to SPNGNS; and 4) < 364 mg L-1 SSC or 2,100 mg L-1 d-1 dose at the 5% exceedance level relating to TRPISC. * Mean values of 58 sites for specified % exceedance Ecosystem Restoration Stream Restoration Implications: HABPOOL: Pool habitat enhancement in streams HABSW: River side channels, backwater area enhancement SPGNGR: Construct stable gravel riffles in smaller drainage area basins TRGEN, TROMN, TRPISC: Watershedscale erosion control BMPS 9 Use of Functional Traits for Ecological Lift Northbrook IL Stream Restoration Project IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING CONSTRUCTION 2001 BEFORE CONSTRUCTION Use of Functional Traits for Ecological Lift Northbrook IL Stream Restoration Project Longitudinal Profile, Pre- & Post Construction Elevation (m) 194.5 194.0 193.5 193.0 192.5 192.0 191.5 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Stream Distance (m) 1999 Species Richness: 2002 Pre-Construction = 7 species Post-Construction = 13 species Downstream 2002 = 4 species Schwartz, Herricks. 2007. Evaluation of pool-riffle naturalization structures on habitat complexity and the fish community in an urban Illinois stream. River Research & Applications 23: 451-466. 10 Use of Functional Traits for Ecological Lift Northbrook IL St Stream ea Restoration Project Concept Example Ecological Lift = 53% Occurrences Before Restoration Occurrences After Restoration Preferred Habitat Pool 5 9 Preferred Habitat Riffle 0 0 Spawning Behavior: Nest Builders 4 8 Spawning Behavior: Non-Nest Builders Dispersal 4 7 Spawning Behavior: Non-Nest Builders l 1 4 Feeding Trophic Structure: Generalists 1 2 Feeding Trophic Structure: Herbivores 3 5 Feeding Trophic Structure: Insectivores 4 7 Feeding Trophic Structure: Piscivores 3 6 Silt Tolerant Silt Intolerant SUM Ecological Lift 5 1 31 8 2 58 Functional Trait 53% Acknowledgements Study funded by the USEPA Region VIII, Ecosystems Protection and Monitoring Program. Fish Database Assistance USEPA Region VIII – Kris Jensen, Jensen Tom Johnson, Johnson and Tina Laidlaw ND Dept. of Health, WQ Division – Mike Ell and Joe Gross SD USGS F&W Coop Unit – Dr. Charles Berry Montana DEQ – Ann Harrie Souris River near Sherwood Sediment Data Analysis and Field Assessments USDA ARS – Brian Bell, Danny Klimetz, Mark Griffith, Wendy Dickenson ND gage 05114000 Northbrook IL Project Funded by the USEPA Watersheds Grant Project Investigators: Edwin Herricks, Herricks, Bruce Rhodes, Marcelo Garcia, Rebecca Wade QUESTIONS …… 11