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CONSERVATION AREA AT CIREBON QUARRY (MT. BLINDIS)
AND IT’S POTENCY IN CARBON SEQUESTRATION
Titut Yulistyarini, Abban Putri Fiqa, Rachmawan Adi Laksono, Dwi Narko and Matrani
Purwodadi Botanic Garden - Indonesian Institute of Sciences
ABSTRACT
The biodiversity conservation areas of Cirebon quarry, in this case Mt Blindis and Mt Sari is
a limestone ecosystem. Limestone ecosystems play an important role in climate regulation.
Quantifying the organic carbon storage of limestone ecosystems in this area is definitely helps to
evaluate the roles of these ecosystems in both global and regional carbon cycles and also their impact
on climate. This research was carried out to know the floristic composition in the biodiversity
conservation area and to complete data of carbon storage in Cirebon quarry on each ecosystem types.
In deep, it will give information which ecosystem and carbon pool that contributes the highest carbon
stock. The carbon stock calculating methods in above-ground was based on RaCSA (Rapid Carbon
Stock Appraisal) methods. Based on the observation, there are three ecosystem types in Cirebon
Quarry i.e. Opened Area, Thick Bushes and Secondary Forest. The result showed that Secondary
forest had the highest total C-stock which was 87.18 t C ha-1, while the C-stock on Thick Bushes and
Opened Area were 42.95 and 17.92 respectively. The total C stock in biodiversity conservation area
of Cirebon Quarry was 148.05 t C ha-1 comprises 48% of C plant biomass and 52% of C soil.
INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is one of the main player in the global mining industry. One of the important
mining industries in Indonesia is a cement industry, where Indocement, as a part of Heidelberg
Cement Group take a part on it. One of its factories is listed as a one of the biggest integrated cement
factory in the world, with the capacity production about 18,6 milliard ton cement per year.
However, the mining industry also caused many environmental problem such as a green
house effects which is become the most popular issue nowdays and occurs as a result of air pollution
and forest clearing. Moreover, there are only a few mining industry pay an attention that forest are an
important component of land cover in the tropics and for this reason they play an important role in
carbon balance of this region.
Cement mining industry always dealing with the karst or limestone ecosystems. Karst
ecosystem is an important type of landscape, since its cover 12% of the land area in the world. In
South-East Asia, karsts cover an area of about 400,000 km2 (Day & Urich, 2000) and tropical forests
over limestone are fairly common. Forests over limestone are seen as arks of biodiversity and often
contain high levels of endemism (Clements et al., 2006).
So far, there is no intensive research in Indonesia about the limestone area and its potency in
Carbon storage. Due to this condition, this research becomes interesting and important to do.
OBJECTIVE
The research was carried out to know the floristic composition in the biodiversity
conservation area (Mount Blindis) and also to complete data of carbon storage in Cirebon quarry on
each ecosystem types. In deep, it will give information which ecosystem that contributes the highest
carbon stock. The floristic composition is useful to specify the appropriate species that could be use
in the reforestation program. Furthermore, the study could also become a pilot project of mining
conservation area in Indonesia, in order to attract the others to do the similar action to save the
environment.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Cirebon quarry is located approximately 15 km west of Cirebon in the Kromong Mountains
which is in area of sloping hills, moderate and steep with a height of about 250 meters above sea In
general, the mining area’s topography is sloping hills. To the north side of the active mining area,
there is a small hill, called Mount Blindis (Heidelberg Cement, 2014).
Mount Blindis is an area which is not accessed for mining activity, since it was dedicated as a
biodiversity conservation area. Based on the biodiversity survey report in Heidelberg Cement (2014),
this steep hill is entirely covered in thick bushes and stands of low trees, like Java palisander, mango,
mahogany, Acacia, and Indian rosewood, among others. The rocks making up this mountain is a rock
and clay-limestone, and also clay.
The study of carbon storage in biodiversity conservation area was located in Mount Blindis,
between 6⁰42’30” and 6⁰42’59” S and 108⁰23’15” and 108⁰23’50” E. The elevation of this area
ranges from 60 and 250 m above sea level (Appendix 1). Regarding the Indocement presentation
(2014), the mean annual precipitation (2003-2013) is 1919 mm, and occurring between November
and May, while the average annual temperature is 28°C.
METHODS
A. Classify Cirebon Quarry Biodiversity Conservation Area
Cirebon Quarry Biodiversity Conservation Area was divided into three area based on their
ecosystems types. The three ecosystems types are Opened Area (OA), Thick Bushes (TB)
and Secondary Forest (SF). Next, the entire area was delineated using GPS (Global
Positioning System), to assist determine the number of plot in the each area based on the
extent of the area. This process further will analyze and produce a map by using Arc View
GIS software.
B. Field Inventory
Plots were made in each ecosystem types to analyze the floristic composition and calculate
the carbon stock in the area. In total 11 representative plots of 2000 m2 (20m x 100m) for
measuring woody plants with dbh (diameter at breast height) > 30cm (trees). While woody
plants with dbh 5-30cm (saplings) were measured in 11 subplots of 200m2 (40m x 5m).
While ground cover was measured in 55 sub-sub plots of 0.25 m2 (0,5m x 0,5m) set up in
each plot of all ecosystems types (Appendix 2).
a. Floristic Composition
The inventory on trees, saplings and ground cover, was done in three ecosystem types
(OA, TB and FS). The floristic composition across vegetation types were determined by
calculating density, frequency and domination species. Species names, individuals’ dbh
and abundance were recorded in each plot. The Important Value Index of each species
(tree, sapling and ground cover) for each plot was calculated by summing the relative
density, relative frequency and relative dominancy cover. The species diversity was
calculated by Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’). The formula Diversity Index
(Ludwig and Reynolds 1988) :
H’= Σpi.2log pi , pi= ni/N,
where ni = number of individual from species
N = total number of individual
b. Carbon Stock
Carbon storage on each ecosystem type was estimated from five pools of carbon stock,
which is above ground pools; consist of trees (dbh > 30cm), saplings (dbh 5-30cm),
ground covers (plant that dbh < 5cm i.e. shrubs, herbs, seedling, and woody climbers) and
the last one are litters. Whereas below ground pool is soil (0-20cm in depth).
The carbon stock calculating methods in above-ground was based on RaCSA (Rapid
Carbon Stock Appraisal) methods (Hairiah et al., 2011). Due to the mean annual rainfall
in Cirebon reaches 1919 mm per year, allometric equation that used to estimate the tree
biomassa are based on Chave et al., (2005), that specific used in the ecosystem which
have the mean annual precipitation range 1500-4000 mm per year. The allometric
equation is:
(AGB)est =π * exp(-1.499+2.148 ln(D)+0.207(ln(D))2 – 0.0281 (ln(D))3 )
Where (AGB)est = tree biomassa (kg/tree);
D = dbh (diameter at breast height) (cm);
π = wood density, (g.cm-1).
Wood densities of each species were measured manually. Each of the twigs (three
samples), were measured their length and diameter to get the volume. Then, these
samples were dried in the oven at 100°C for 48 hours. Finally, their dry weights were
weighed to get the wood density.
To measure groundcover biomassa is by weighing the wet and dry matter of groundcover
samples. All groundcover materials that completely harvested from the subsubplots were
transported to the laboratory for the next process. Similarly, litters that collected in the
subsubplots also given the same treatment. The groundcover materials and litter samples
were oven dried at 80⁰C for 48 hours and finally weighed. Estimation of root biomass
was done by using default value that is based on the ratio of trees and root. The biomass
ratio of trees and roots in the dry lands wet tropical forest is 4:1 (Cairns et al. 1997,
Mokany et al. 2006). Next, the trees, sapling, groundcover, litter and root biomass was
converted into C-stock with with formula Hairiah et al. (2011):
C = 0.46 x biomass
The soil organic carbon was calculated by determining the soil weight per hectar, in depth
0-20 cm. Then in the laboratory, the organic matter was determined by Walkey & Black
oxidation method. While, soil bulk density was determine by gravimetric methods, which
is taking soil sample at 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm depth with a cylindrical soil sampler in
each plot.
C. Statistical Analysis
All of the vegetation quality parameter and also their Carbon stock are compared with the
ecosystem types by the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with F test. And only P <0.05, was listed
as consider significant. The statistical analysis was done by MINITAB 14.0.
RESULTS
The biodiversity conservation area (Mt. Blindis and Mt. Sari) was divided into three
ecosystem types which were Opened Area (OA), Thick Bushes (TB) and Secondary Forest (SF). The
Opened Area was located in Mt. Blindis and Mt. Sari that only groundcover lived there without any
trees and saplings. In the Thick Bushes area, various types of bushes, shrub, herb or woody climber
grown well. However, some trees and sapling still could found in a small number. While in the
Secondary Forest, forests is regenerating largely through natural processes after significant removal
or disturbance by human activity. The Secondary forest was more difficult to access, since it had a
sharp slope (45-60⁰). Based on the large of the area, thick bushes area had the largest area, that
coverage 25,94 ha, while opened area had almost the same large as a secondary forest (Figure 1,
Appendix 1).
Figure 1. Delineation Map of Biodiversity Conservation Area
a.
Floristic composition
There were 31 trees/sapling species and 83 ground cover species (shrub, woody climber and
herb) found in the biodiversity conservation area of Cirebon Quarry. Vitex pinnata and Schoutenia
ovata that have local names Labban and Wali kukun respectively, were identified as dominant tree
species in the secondary forests due to their high IVI (47.73 and 41.84). Both of V. pinnata and S.
ovata that also dominated sapling species, are native species. Almost all trees and saplings species (±
80%) in secondary forest are native species. Nevertheless, some reforestation tree/sapling species
found in there such as Acacia auriculiformis (Akasia), Dalbergia latifolia (Sonokeling), Cassia
fistula (Trengguli) and Senna siamea (Johar) are introduction species. While groundcover species
dominated in the area, were namely Oplismenus burmanni, Salvia misella and O.compositus.
In the Thick Bushes ecosystem had been found some trees species like Akasia
(A.auriculiformis, A.nilotica), Mangifera indica and S.ovata. Lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephalla),
A.nilotica and Sonokeling (Dalbergia latifolia) were saplings species that dominated this area, and
all of them are reforestation species. There were 65 species ground cover such as Chromolaena
odorata, A.nilotica and Lantana camara dominated at thick bushes ecosystem. While Opened Area
was dominated by ground cover species such as Themeda arguens, Alysicarpus vaginalis, Salvia
misella and Mimosa pudica.
Secondary Forest had the highest Shannon Wiener Diversity Index (H’) for tree and sapling
which was 4 (Appendix 3). Thick Bushes ecosystem had lower diversity index than Secondary
Forest, which was 1.8 and 3.3 for tree and sapling respectively. However, this ecosystem types had
the highest diversity on ground cover that reached 5.32, while Opened Area only reached 4.42.
The variety plots of carbon measurements were indicated by a population density of trees.
The tree density among three ecosystem types showed significant difference (P = 0.000) and so did
with the saplings and ground cover density (Appendix 4). Secondary Forest had the highest density
of trees and saplings (P< 0.05), about 37.82 (±22.70 SD) individu.ha-1 and 681.8 (±270.4 SD)
individu.ha-1 respectively and significantly different from the two other ecosystem types (Figure 2).
Consequently, the canopy cover on this area was stated as the highest. Whereas trees and sapling
density of Thick Bushes area were 1.82 (± 4.62 SD) and 245.5 (± 297 SD) respectively. Although
there are no trees/saplings lived in the opened area, the ground cover plants in this ecosystem had the
highest density (466,047±50,054 SD).
Figure 2. The mean density of trees/saplings (left) and groundcover (right) in each ecosystem types
c. Carbon Stock Estimation in the Biodiversity Conservation Area of Cirebon Quarry
Based on the calculation, there was a significantly different of estimation carbon stock among
the three ecosystem types (P = 0.000). Secondary Forest had the highest C stock reached 87.17 t C
ha-1, comprised about 59% of total C stock on the biodiversity conservation area of Cirebon quarry.
While Thick Bushes and Opened Area ecosystem, contributed C stock 42.96 t C ha-1 (29 %) and
17.92 t C ha-1 (12 %) respectively.
In the Secondary Forest, C stock of biomass (trees, saplings, root, ground cover and litter)
was higher than C stock of soil (Figure 3). Total C stock of biomass was 51.39 t C ha-1, while C
stock on soil 0-20 cm in depth was 35.80 t C ha-1. Trees and saplings became the highest carbon pool
(48.62 t C ha-1) in this area. Whereas ground cover and litter contributed low C stock i.e. 1,14 t C
ha-1 and 1,61 t C ha-1, respectively. However, C stock of biomass in two other ecosystems was lower
than C stock of soil. In Thick Bushes area, the total C stock of trees, saplings, root and groundcover
reached 11.73 t C ha-1, stated lower than the C stock on soil 0-20 cm in depth, which is 26,45 t C ha-1
(Appendix 5). Similarly, the C stock of biomass in the Opened Area only reached 2,53 t C ha-1
(ground cover biomass), while soil contributed 15,39 t C ha-1.
Figure 3. Total Carbon Stock in The Various Ecosystem Types of Cirebon Quarry Biodiversity
Conservation Area
DISCUSSION
The secondary forest located at Mount Blindis had enough diversities. The Diversity Index
of trees/saplings and ground cover were 4 and 4.55 respectively. Since the biomass of tree/sapling
was stated as the highest carbon pool, Secondary Forest became the highest carbon contributor in
conservation area of Cirebon Quarry that was 87.17 t C ha-1. Carbon stock of vegetation and soil in
tropical forests over limestone was vary greatly depends on the topography, climate and geologic
substrate (Vieira et al., 2004). C stock of secondary forest over limestone in Cirebon Quarry was
much lower than forest over limestone in Xishuangbanna (183 t C ha-1) (Tang et al., 2012).
Xishuangbanna is one of karsts ecosytem in
SW China with mean annual precipitation
characterization about 1539 mm per year and that is meant not much different from Mt Blindis (1919
mm). The lower C stock of secondary forest in Cirebon Quarry than in Xishuangbanna was related to
the lower contribution of trees/saplings biomass (48.62 t C ha-1) compared with tree biomass on
forest over limestone in Xishuangbanna (155 t C ha-1) (Tang et al., 2012) and in Serawak (178 t C
ha-1) (Proctor et al., 1983). This condition was suspected due to the density of tree and sapling which
was only 38 trees ha-1 and 682 saplings ha -1. C stock of tree/sapling biomass in Cirebon Quarry
conservation area was also lower than the non-limestone secondary forest in Prigen District,
Pasuruan, East Java, (70.7 vs 48.62 t C ha-1) (Sari et al., 2011). The difference of C-stock in this
different area was related to the limited soil volume in forest over limestone that affects the
limitation of water retention capacity and nutrient absorption. The limestone soils is shallow, in the
Cirebon Quarry conservation area, the average depth of the soil was only 37 cm.
The other C pools in the Secondary Forest were root, groundcover and litter. C stock of root
on this ecosystem that reached 9.72 t C ha-1 was lower than root C-stock in the forest over limestone
in Xishuangbanna (31.72 t C ha-1) (Tang et al., 2012). Sari et al. in 2011 reported that in nonlimestone secondary forest in Prigen District, Pasuruan, East Java was 14.12 t C ha-1, higher than C
stock of root biomass in Cirebon Quarry conservation area that only 9.72 t C ha-1. These comparisons
indicated that a higher proportion of tree biomass consequently will increase C stored in the roots.
In the other hand, the C stock of ground cover in Secondary Forest showed higher than C
stock of groundcover on tropical forest over limestone in Xishuangbanna which is 1,14 t C ha-1 and
less than 1 t C ha-1 respectively. However, this C stock was slightly lower than C-stock in the Prigen
District secondary forest that is 1.93 t C ha-1. The last biomass C-pool is litters that constitute an
important flux of soil organic C.
The litter C stock in the Secondary Forest of Cirebon Quarry reached 1,61 t C ha-1 that was
slightly the same as the litter C-stock of tropical forest over limestone in Xishuangbanna but lower
than in the Prigen District secondary forest (Pasuruan, East Java) that reached 5.89 t C ha-1. Higher C
stock in the litter was related to the higher precipitation (4267.5 mm yaer-1) and the lower average
day temperature (21.9⁰C) in Prigen East Java than the rainfall and average day temperature in the
Cirebon quarry, so the higher litter was produced (Sari et al. 2011).
The C stock of the top 10 cm soil in Secondary Forest in Cirebon Quarry reached 10-20 t C
-1
ha . This value was similar to the C stock soil of tropical forest over limestone in Xishuangbanna,
but lower than the corresponding value which stated 50 t C ha-1 in the top soil of non-limestone
tropical rainforest in Tahura R.Soerjo (Malang, East Java) (Hairiah et al., 2010). Soil C densities in
forests of tropical Asia ranged from 50 to 120 t C ha-1 (Palm et al., 1986). The soil condition in the
Cirebon Quarry was indicated as the lower end of tropical forest ecosystem in tropical Asia (Soil
characterization, Appendix 6). Based on C pool contribution, C-biomass in Cirebon Quarry
Secondary Forest contributed 52% of the total C pool while soil contributed 48%. In contrast, plants
biomass in Xishuangbanna forests limestone contributed 80% of the total C pool while soil only
20%. This condition showed that the Secondary Forest in Cirebon Quarry was being degraded.
In the other case, C stock biomass in Opened Area (2.53 t C ha-1) and Thick Bushes (4.78 t C
ha-1) were lower than C stock of soil which were 15.39 t C ha-1 and 26.45 t C ha-1 t C ha-1
respectively. The comparison between C stock of plant biomass and C stock of soil in these two
ecosystems was 20-40%: 80-60%. This was indicated that Opened Area and Thick Bushes
ecosystems were formed after the forest was degraded in the past. Compared with other tropical
forests in other areas and on non-limestone like in Venezuela, Delaney et al. (1997) found that soil
contained as much or more C than plant biomass. Similarly, soil comprised more than 40% of the
ecosystem C stocks in a secondary tropical forest in Philippines (Lasco et al. 2004). So did the C
stock of soil in the degraded forest in Konto Watershed which showed 55% of C soil and 45 % C
plant biomass (Sari et al., 2011)
Generally, total C stock in biodiversity conservation area of Cirebon Quarry was 148.05 t C
ha-1 comprised 48% of C plant biomass and 52% of C soil. While overall, ecosystem C stock in
tropical forests over limestone in Xishuangbanna was 214 t C ha-1 comprises 80 % of C plant
biomass and 20% of C soil (Tang et al., 2012). This condition was indicated that the C soil was
stored before forest degraded. The low C stock plant biomass condition in Cirebon Quarry indicates
that there is should be an increasing carbon sequestration from 48.62 (C stock of tree/sapling in
Cirebon Quarry) to 155 t C ha-1 (C stock of tree/sapling in Xishuangbanna). To increase C
sequestration in this area there is should be a converting program from Thick Bushes and Opened
Area to the forest area by doing restoration program. The restoration program is important to
maintain the high diversity of flora in this conservation area (H’ average = 4). The rehabilitation
program is carried out by plant some native tree species which had heavy wood (high wood density)
and easily propagated such as Tutup (Macaranga tanarius, 1.04 g cm-3), Walikukun (Schoutenia
ovata, 0.71 g cm-3), Rukam lanang (Scolopia spinosa, 0.7 g cm-3), kemloko (Emblica officinalis,
0.63
3
g cm-3), and Anggrung (Trema orientalis, 0.6 g cm-3). Some trees have potency as a pioneer
plants i.e. Tutup (M. tanarius), Johar (Senna siamea) and ground cover species Mucuna pruriens,
Moghania lineata and Desmodium triflorum (Appendix 7,8)
Nowdays, restoration program become urgent to be done, in order to inhibit the growth and
spread out of dominant ground cover species which have potency as invasive species such as C.
odorata and A. nilotica. The observation results in Mt Blindis, A. nilotica have spread as widely as
approximately 5 hectares at the north east of this hill (Appendix 9). Restoration program also
important to increase the number and the diversity of vegetation, as well as soil and water
conservation both inside and outside the area are. Planting native trees such as Rukam lanang
(S.spinosa), Kemloko (E.officinalis), Kesambi (S. oleosa), Trenggulun (Protium javanicum) and
Sempur (Dillenia obovata), also gives benefit to the local animals such as birds and monkeys besides
its main role to enhance the diversity.
CONCLUSION
1. Secondary forest in conservation area of Cirebon Quarry had the highest flora (tree, sapling and
ground cover) diversity. There were 31 trees/sapling species and 83 ground cover species. Almost
all trees and saplings species (± 80%) in secondary forest are native species. Vitex pinnata and
Schoutenia ovata were dominant species.
2. Secondary forest had the highest C-stock which was 87.18 t C ha-1, while the C-stock on Thick
Bushes and Opened Area were 42.95 t C ha-1and 17.92 t C ha-1 respectively.
3. The total C stock in biodiversity conservation area of Cirebon Quarry was 148.05 t C ha-1
comprised 48% of C plant biomass and 52% of C soil. Restoration program could be the suitable
solution to increase C sequestration in this area. This program could be done with native species
that had high wood density and easily propagated, such as Tutup (M. tanarius), Walikukun
(S.ovata ), Rukam lanang (S.spinosa), kemloko (E.officinalis), Kesambi (S. oleosa) and
Anggrung (T.orientalis).
The advantage of applying our research for biodiversity and /or society and company
The tropical limestone forest like forest in Mt Blindis has potency as a large reservoir of atmospheric
CO2; this information can be added by calculating the carbon stock in biodiversity conservation area
of Cirebon Quarry. In addition, by applying result suggested in the research, which is planting native
species in restoration program this ecosystem could increase their C sequestration and also maintain
and enrich its biodiversity. In fact, needs more than 30 years to reached C-stock to the ideal
condition, but it will worth since the ecosystem services (the amount of CO2 absorption) that resulted
will also increase. In addition, other program such as monoculture plantation system will result lower
C stock. Monoculture plantation such as sengon buto, pine, mahogany and Paraserianthes falcataria
are timber trees, that will be harvest in 30, 50, 15 years later, so that carbon emission will be
happened. In contrast, forest conservation area will provide the highest carbon stock and store carbon
for longer time. Forest conservation with native plants also conserves local animals such as birds and
mammals. Restoration with mango (Mangifera indica) at the buffer zone between the quarry and a
nearby village could be alternatives, since mango trees could be utilized by local people. Study result
on mango plantation inside the Cirebon quarry showed that this plantation could store 61.5 t C ha-1 in
5 years. However, since Mount Blindis was stated as the biodiversity conservation area, it is
important to increase the species diversity and species richness inside the area by doing the proper
restoration program.
Appendix 1.
Figure 1. The Overview of Biodiversity Conservation Area (Mount Blindis)
Figure 2. The Three Ecosystem Types in the Biodiversity Conservation Area of Cirebon Quarry
Appendix 2.
Figure3. Plots Sample
Figure 4. Field Activity
Appendix 3.
Table 1. Species number, Density, Diversity and Species with the Highest Important Value Index in The Each Ecosystem Types
Ecosystem
types
Opened Area
Thick Bushes
Secondary
Forest
The number
of species
H' (ShannonWiener)
Density (plants/ha)
T
S
GC
T
S
GC
0
0
21
0
0
466,047±50,054
4
13
65
1.82 ±
4.62
245.5 ± 297
24 25
39
37.82 ±
22.7
681.8±270.4 290,233±102,202
T
S
GC
Highest IVI
T
S
GC
-
-
Themeda
arguens,
Alysicarpus
vaginalis, Salvia
misella, Mimosa
pudica
Acacia
auriculiformis,
Acacia nilotica,
Mangifera indica,
Schoutenia ovata
Leucaena
leucocephalla,
Acacia
nilotica,
Dalbergia
latifolia, Ficus
hispida
Chromolaena
odorata, Acacia
nilotica,
Lantana camara
Vitex pinnata,
Schoutenia ovata,
Microcos
tomentosa
Vitex pinnata,
Schoutenia
ovata,
Leucaena
leucocephalla
Oplismenus
burmanni,
Salvia misella
4.02
404,651±136,126 1.8 3.3 5.23
4
4
4.55
Appendix 4.
Table 2. Ecosystem Types in Conservation Area of Cirebon Quarry
Large of area
Ecosystem types
(ha)
Percentage (%)
Opened Area
18,19
28,94
Thick Bushes
25,94
41,27
Secondary Forest
18,73
29,80
Total
62,86
100%
Appendix 5.
Table 3. Total Carbon on Each Carbon Pool in the Three Ecosystem Types (p<0.00, α< 0.05)
Trees
Saplings
Roots
Ground
cover
OA
0a
0a
0a
2.54 ± 0.54 a
0a
15.39 ± 1.24 a
TB
1.65 ± 4.05 a
6.77 ± 10.11a
3.31 a
4.78 ± 5.78 b
0a
26.45 ± 7.25 b
SF
15.78 ± 8.72 b
22.93 ± 18.05 b
9.72 b
1.14 ± 0.64 a
1.61 ± 0.63 b
35.80 ± 10.35 b
Litters
soil (0-20 cm)
Appendix 6.
Table 4. Characteristic of soil profiles in eleven plots of Opened Area (OA), Thick Bushes (TB),
Secondary Forests (SF) over limestone in Mount Blindis
Type
Vegetation
OA
TB
SF
Soil depth
(cm)
0-10
10-20
0-10
10-20
0-10
10-20
Soil bulk
density (g
cm-3)
C content
(%)
1,55 ± 0,14
1,63 ± 0,16
1,28 ± 0,35
1,48 ± 0,3
1,11 ± 0,31
1,09 ± 0,24
0,48 ± 0,05
0,48 ± 0,08
1,03 ± 0,47
0,94 ± 0,46
1,91 ± 0,74
1,41 ± 0,73
Soil thickness
(cm)
13 ± 3,56
18,5 ± 3,11
37 ± 15,65
Appendix 7.
Table 5. Species found in Opened Area Ecosystem Types Cirebon Quarry Biodiversity Conservation Area with its Relative Frequency (RF), Relative
Dominance (RDm), and sorted from the highest Important Value Index (IVI) in the Secondary Forest
A.
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Trees
Species Name
Vitex pinnata L.
Schoutenia ovata Korth.
Microcos tomentosa Sm.
Vitex trifolia L.
Schleichera oleosa Korth.
Protium javanicum Burm. f.
Corypha utan Lam.
Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby
Emblica officinalis Gaertn.
Acacia auriculiformis A. cunn. ex Benth.
Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.
Macaranga tanarius (L.) M.A.
Crotoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Bl.
Helicteres hirsuta Lour.
Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth.
Alibizia lebbekoides (DC.) Benth.
Dillenia obovata (Bl.) Hoogl.
Cassia javanica L.
Muntingia calabura L.
Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.
Cassia fistula L.
Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Roxb.
Trema orientalis (L.) Blume
Scolopia spinosa Warb.
Local name
Labban
Wali kukun
Kayu User
Laban
Kesambi
Trenggulun
Gebang
Johar
Kemloko
Akasia
Sono keling
Tutup
Kayu mempet
Kayu ulet
Wangkal
Tekik
Sempur
Kasia Jowo
Kersen
Randu
Trengguli
Nyampo
Anggrung
Rukem lanang
Family
Verb.
Til.
Til.
Verb.
Sapind.
Burs.
Arec.
Caes.
Euph.
Mim.
Papil.
Euph.
Hyp.
Ster.
Mim.
Mim.
Dill.
Caes.
Til.
Bomb.
Caes.
Laur.
Ulm.
Flac.
RD (%)
20.48
15.66
9.64
10.84
7.23
3.61
2.41
3.61
3.61
2.41
2.41
2.41
2.41
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
RF ( %)
8.70
13.04
8.70
6.52
8.70
6.52
4.35
4.35
2.17
4.35
4.35
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
RDm
(%)
18.55
13.13
10.58
9.08
6.01
4.13
6.62
4.69
3.49
2.44
2.14
2.14
2.00
2.44
1.88
1.54
1.52
1.24
1.19
1.10
1.10
1.03
0.99
0.97
IVI (%)
47.73
41.84
28.91
26.44
21.94
14.27
13.38
12.65
9.27
9.19
8.90
6.72
6.59
5.82
5.26
4.92
4.89
4.62
4.57
4.48
4.48
4.41
4.37
4.35
B. Saplings
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Species Name
Vitex pinnata L.
Schoutenia ovata Korth.
Leucaena leucocephalla (Lam.) de Wit.
Microcos tomentosa Sm.
Emblica officinalis Gaertn.
Schleichera oleosa Korth.
Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.
Crotoxylum sumatranum (Jack.) Bl.
Helicteres hirsuta Lour.
Muntingia calabura L.
Protium javanicum Burm. f.
Ficus hispida L. f.
Neonauclea sp.
Macaranga tanarius (L.) M.A.
Uvaria concava Teijsm. & Binn.
Senna siamea (Lam.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby
Abroma mollis DC.
Vitex trifolia L.
Trema orientalis (L.) Blume
Streblus asper Lour.
Solanum verbasifolium L.
Homalium tomentosum (Vent.) Benth.
Cassia fistula L.
Callicarpa pentandra Roxb.
Caesalpinia sp.
Local name
Laban
Wali kukun
Lamtoro
Kayu User
Kemloko
Kesambi
Sono keling
Kayu mampet
Kayu Ulet
Kersen
Trenggulun
Luwing
Gempol
Tutup
Kalak
Johar
Tespong
Laban
Anggrung
Serut
Teter
Delingsen
Trengguli
Kayu gadung
Secang
Family
Verb.
Til.
Mim.
Til.
Euph.
Sapind.
Papil.
Hyp.
Sterc.
Til.
Burs.
Morac.
Rub.
Euph.
Annon.
Caes.
Sterc.
Verb.
Ulm.
Morac.
Sol.
Flac.
Caes.
Verb.
Caes.
RD (%)
11.76
9.15
10.46
8.50
4.58
7.19
9.15
5.88
3.27
4.58
3.27
3.27
1.96
2.61
1.96
1.96
2.61
2.61
0.65
1.31
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.65
RF ( %)
6.78
10.17
10.17
3.39
8.47
6.78
5.08
1.69
3.39
3.39
6.78
5.08
5.08
3.39
3.39
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
RDm
(%)
19.49
8.59
4.58
7.61
6.16
4.45
3.68
9.86
7.40
4.90
1.86
2.63
2.91
1.85
2.23
3.32
2.15
1.31
2.17
0.51
0.64
0.64
0.58
0.31
0.16
IVI (%)
38.04
27.91
25.21
19.50
19.21
18.42
17.92
17.44
14.06
12.87
11.91
10.99
9.95
7.86
7.58
6.98
6.46
5.62
4.52
3.51
2.99
2.99
2.92
2.66
2.51
C. Groundcover
No
Species Name
1 Oplismenus burmanni (Retz.) P.Beauv.
2 Salvia misella Kunth
3 Oplismenus compositus (L.) P.Beauv.
4 Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
5 Lantana camara L.
6 Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl
7 Uvaria concava Teijsm. & Binn.
8 Pteris biaurita L.
9 Debregeasia sp.
10 Adiantum lunulatum Burm. f.
11 Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L.
12 Urena lobata L.
13 Mikania cordata (Burm.f.) B.L.Rob.
14 Microcos tomentosa Sm.
15 Schoutenia ovata Korth.
16 Cleome gynandra L.
17 Emblica officinalis Gaertn.
18 Bridelia sp
19 Helicteres isora L.
20 Canthium glabrum Blume
21 Quamoclit pinnata (L.) Bojer
22 Centrosema pubescens Benth.
23 Jasminum multiflorum (Burm.f.) Andrews
24 Elatostema sp.
25 Helicteres hirsuta Lour.
26 Anamirta cocculus (L.) Wight & Arn.
27 Caesalpinia sp.
28 Pavetta indica L.
29 Bauhinia sp.
30 Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume
Local name
Bedesan
Torok bau
Trasapan
Sanduro
Waung
Pecut kuda
Kalak asu
Pakis
Ki tongo
Pakis kelor
Wedusan
Pulutan
Rayutan
Kayu bimo
Wali kukun
Langsana merah
Kemlaka
Kanyere badak
Kayu ulet
Kayu balung
Songgo langit
Kacangan
Poncosudo
Jelatang
Kayu ulet
Peron
Secang
Jarum, Jerum
Kupu-kupu
Ki Asahan
Family
Poac.
Lam.
Poac.
Aster.
Verb.
Verb.
Annon.
Pter.
Urt.
Adiant.
Aster.
Malv.
Aster.
Malv.
Til.
Capp.
Euph.
Euph.
Sterc.
Rub.
Convol.
Papil.
Oleac.
Urt.
Sterc.
Menis.
Caes.
Rub.
Caes.
Euph.
RD (%)
14.41
11.86
8.47
6.78
3.39
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
2.54
3.39
2.54
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
RF (%)
10.45
7.46
5.97
5.97
4.48
2.99
2.99
2.99
2.99
4.48
2.99
2.99
2.99
2.99
2.99
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
IVI (%)
24.85
19.33
14.44
12.75
7.87
7.22
7.22
7.22
7.22
7.02
6.37
5.53
4.68
4.68
4.68
3.19
3.19
3.19
3.19
3.19
2.34
2.34
2.34
2.34
2.34
2.34
2.34
2.34
2.34
2.34
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Bidens pilosa L.
Dovyalis caffra (Hook.f. & Harv.) Sim
Olax scandens Roxb.
Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.
Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) Corner
Glochidion obscurum (Roxb. ex Willd.) Blume
Tetracera sp.
Neonauclea sp.
Asystacia sp.
Ketul
Gulo gumantung
Ki Asahan
Sono keling
Kali age
Dempul lelet
Kasapan
Gempol
Maroto
Aster.
Flac.
Olax.
Papil.
Sterc.
Euph.
Dill.
Rub.
Acanth.
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
0.00
2.34
2.34
2.34
2.34
2.34
2.34
2.34
2.34
0.85
Table 6. Species found in Opened Area Ecosystem Types Cirebon Quarry Biodiversity Conservation Area with its Relative Frequency (RF), Relative
Dominance (RDm), and sorted from the highest Important Value Index (IVI) in the Thick Bushes Area
A. Trees
No
1
2
3
4
Species Name
Acacia auriculiformis A. cunn. ex Benth.
Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile
Mangifera indica L.
Schoutenia ovata Korth.
Akasia
Gom/ akasia
Mangga
Walikukun
Family
Mim.
Mim.
Anac.
Til.
RD (%)
17.86
17.86
17.86
17.86
RF ( %)
25
25
25
25
RDm
(%)
32.42
32.42
20.75
14.41
IVI (%)
75.28
75.28
63.61
57.27
Local name
Lamtoro
Akasia
Sono keling
Lowing
Kayu User
Johar
Widuri
Wali kukun
Trengguli
Anggrung
Gondang
Srenggani
Kapasan
Family
Mim.
Mim.
Papil.
Morac.
Til.
Caes.
Asclep.
Til.
Caes.
Ulm.
Morac.
Malv.
Malv.
RD (%)
24.07
12.96
9.26
9.26
9.26
5.56
9.26
7.41
3.70
3.70
1.85
1.85
1.85
RF ( %)
18.18
4.55
9.09
13.64
13.64
9.09
4.55
4.55
4.55
4.55
4.55
4.55
4.55
RDm
(%)
11.21
22.20
16.60
10.38
9.01
9.23
6.87
2.69
5.87
2.90
1.71
0.67
0.67
IVI (%)
53.47
39.71
34.95
33.27
31.90
23.88
20.68
14.64
14.12
11.15
8.10
7.06
7.06
Local name
B. Saplings
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Species Name
Leucaena leucocephalla (Lam.) de Wit.
Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile
Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.
Ficus hispida L. f.
Microcos tomentosa Sm.
Senna siamea (Lam.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby
Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand.
Schoutenia ovata Korth.
Cassia fistula L.
Trema orientalis (L.) Blume
Ficus variegata Blume
Melastoma malabathricum L.
Thespesia lampas (Cav.) Dalzell
C. Groundcover
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Species Name
Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King &.
H.Rob.
Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile
Lantana camara L.
Polytrias indica (Houtt.) Veldkamp.
Centrosema pubescens Benth.
Moghania lineata (L.) Kuntze
Mikania cordata (Burm.f.) B.L.Rob.
Paederia foetida L.
Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC.
Barleria prionitis L.
Mimosa pudica L.
Urena lobata L.
Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume
Jasminum multiflorum (Burm.f.) Andrews
Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L.
Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P.Beauv.
Oplismenus compositus (L.) P.Beauv.
Quamoclit pinnata (L.) Bojer
Hyptis capitata Jacq.
Salvia misella Kunth
Leucaena leucocephalla (Lam.) de Wit.
Passiflora foetida L.
Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.
Dovyalis caffra (Hook.f. & Harv.) Sim
Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir.
Uvaria concava Teijsm. & Binn.
Meremia emarginata (Burm.f.) Hallier f.
Centotheca lappacea (L.) Desv.
Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin.
Local name
Sanduro
Gom
Waung
Lamuran
Kacangan
Bunga pelumpang
Rayutan
Simbukan
Sisik betok
Sundep
Putri malu
Pulutan
Kanyero badak
Poncosudo
Wedusan
jukut pahit
Trasapan
Songgo langit
Gringsingan
Torok bau
Lamtoro
Krawangan
Rawe
Gulo gumantung
Genjret
Kalak asu
Akar sambang
Jambean
Rumput jarum
Family
Aster.
Papil.
Verb.
Poac.
Papil.
Papil.
Aster.
Rub.
Papil.
Acanth.
Mim.
Malv.
Euph.
Oleac.
Aster.
Poac.
Poac.
Convol.
Lam.
Lam.
Mim.
Pasif.
Papil.
Flac.
Euph.
Annon.
Convol.
Poac.
Poac.
RD (%)
9.39
10.44
5.85
5.01
3.13
4.18
3.34
2.71
3.34
3.34
2.09
2.51
2.30
2.51
1.88
2.09
2.09
1.88
2.09
1.46
1.67
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.04
0.84
1.04
0.84
RF (%)
9.64
5.62
4.82
3.61
4.02
2.81
3.61
4.02
3.21
2.81
3.21
2.41
2.41
2.01
2.41
2.01
2.01
2.01
1.61
2.01
1.61
1.61
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.61
1.61
1.20
1.20
IVI (%)
19.03
16.06
10.66
8.62
7.15
6.99
6.95
6.73
6.55
6.15
5.30
4.91
4.71
4.51
4.29
4.10
4.10
3.89
3.69
3.47
3.28
3.07
2.67
2.67
2.67
2.65
2.44
2.25
2.04
30 Olax scandens Roxb.
31 Ehretia microphylla Lam.
32 Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees
Glochidion obscurum (Roxb. ex Willd.)
33 Blume
34 Cyperus sp
35 Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC.
36 Solanum torvum Sw.
37 Senna tora (L.) Roxb.
38 Melastoma malabathricum L.
39 Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand.
40 Helicteres isora L.
41 Themeda arguens (L.) Hack.
42 Caesalpinia sp.
43 Cyanthillium cinerum (L.) H.Rob.
44 Thespesia lampas (Cav.) Dalzell
45 Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl
46 Spermacoce articularis L.f.
47 Cyperus cephalotes Vahl.
48 Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.
49 Ficus septica Burm.f.
50 Amorphophallus variabilis Blume
51 Elephantopus scaber L.
52 Oplismenus compositus (L.) P.Beauv.
53 Schoutenia ovata Korth.
54 Leea angulata Korth. ex Miq.
55 Solanum verbascifolium L.
56 Scoparia dulcis L.
57 Loganiaceae
58 Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud.
59 Commelina benghalensis L.
60 Aeschynomene elegans Cham. & Schltdl.
Lenteng, Krasahan
Orok-orok Cina
Sambiloto
Olax.
Borag.
Acanth.
0.84
0.84
1.04
1.20
1.20
0.80
2.04
2.04
1.85
Dempu lelet
Tekian
Brobosan
Pokak
Kacangan
Srenggani
Widuri
Kayu ulet
Merakan
Secang
Nyawon
Kapasan
Pecut kuda
Gempur batu
Jukut pendul
Sonokeling
Awar-awar
Porang
Tapak liman
Bedesan
Wali kukun
Girang
Teter
Joko tuwo
rumput bunga merah
Geworan
Aseman
Euph.
Cyp.
Papil.
Sol.
Caes.
Melas.
Asclep.
Sterc.
Poac.
Caes.
Aster.
Malv.
Verb.
Rub.
Cyp.
Papil.
Mor.
Arac.
Aster.
Poac.
Til.
Leac.
Sol.
Scrop.
Logan.
Poac.
Com.
Papil.
1.04
1.04
0.63
0.84
0.84
0.84
0.63
0.63
0.63
0.84
0.42
0.42
0.63
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.80
0.80
1.20
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.40
0.80
0.80
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
1.85
1.85
1.83
1.64
1.64
1.64
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.24
1.22
1.22
1.03
0.82
0.82
0.82
0.82
0.61
0.61
0.61
0.61
0.61
0.61
0.61
0.61
0.61
0.61
0.61
61
62
63
64
65
Tridax procumbens (L.) L.
Ficus hispida L. f.
Helicteres hirsuta Lour.
Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) Corner
Thunbergia alata Bog.ex. Sims
Kemondelan
Luwing
Kayu ulet
Kalirage
Patuk manuk
Aster.
Mor.
Sterc.
Mor.
Acanth.
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.61
0.61
0.61
0.61
0.61
Table 7. Species found in Opened Area Ecosystem Types Cirebon Quarry Biodiversity Conservation Area with its Relative Frequency (RF), Relative
Dominance (RDm), and sorted from the highest Important Value Index (IVI) in the Opened Area
Groundcover
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Species Name
Themeda arguens (L.) Hack.
Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC.
Salvia misella Kunth
Mimosa pudica L.
Sida retusa L.
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl
Polytrias indica (Houtt.) Veldkamp
Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin.
Cyperus rotundus L.
Cyperus sp
Passiflora foetida L.
Glochidion obscurum (Roxb. ex Willd.) Blume
Themeda gigantea (Cav.) Hack. ex Duthie
Lantana camara L.
Schoutenia ovata Korth.
Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch.
Leucaena leucocephalla (Lam.) de Wit.
Dovyalis caffra (Hook.f. & Harv.) Sim
Quamoclit pinnata (L.) Bojer
Moghania lineata
Tridax procumbens (L.) L.
Local name
Merakan
Brobosan
Torok bau
Putri malu
Sida gurih
Pecut kuda
Lamuran
Rumput jarum
Teki
Tekian
Krawangan
Dempu lelet
Merakan kebo
Waung
Wali kukun
Teki
Lamtoro
Gulo gumantung
Songgo langit
Bunga pelumpang
Kemondelan
Family
Poac.
Papil.
Lam.
Mim.
Malv.
Verb.
Poac.
Poac.
Cyp.
Cyp.
Pasif.
Euph.
Poac.
Verb.
Til.
Cyp.
Mim.
Flac.
Convol.
Papil.
Aster.
RD (%)
12.86
8.57
11.43
8.57
10.00
7.14
5.71
4.29
4.29
2.86
2.86
4.29
2.86
2.86
2.86
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
RF (%)
12.20
12.20
7.32
9.76
4.88
4.88
4.88
4.88
4.88
4.88
4.88
2.44
2.44
2.44
2.44
2.44
2.44
2.44
2.44
2.44
2.44
IVI (%)
25.05
20.77
18.75
18.33
14.88
12.02
10.59
9.16
9.16
7.74
7.74
6.72
5.30
5.30
5.30
3.87
3.87
3.87
3.87
3.87
3.87
Appendix 8.
Table 8. Wood Density of Trees/ Sapling Species Living in the Biodiversity Conservation Area in
Cirebon Quarry
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Species Name
Macaranga tanarius (L.) M.A.
Cassia fistula L.
Schoutenia ovata Korth.
Scolopia spinosa Warb.
Emblica officinalis Gaertn.
Microcos tomentosa Sm.
Uvaria concava Teijsm. & Binn.
Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Roxb.
Schleichera oleosa Korth.
Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby
Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.
Trema orientalis (L.) Blume
Acacia auriculiformis A. cunn. ex Benth.
Vitex trifolia L.
Abroma mollis DC.
Vitex pinnata L.
Albizia lebbekoides (DC.) Benth.
Cassia javanica L.
Homalium tomentosum (Vent.) Benth.
Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth.
Protium javanicum Burm. f.
Streblus asper Lour.
Crotoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Bl.
Leucaena leucocephalla (Lam.) de Wit.
Helicteres hirsuta Lour.
Ficus variegata Blume
Muntingia calabura L.
Thespesia lampas (Cav.) Dalzell
Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb
Dillenia obovata (Bl.) Hoogl.
Ficus hispida L. f.
Local name
Family
Tutup
Trengguli
Wali kukun
Rukem lanang
Kemloko
Kayu User
Kalak
Nyampo
Kesambi
Johar
Sono keling
Anggrung
Akasia
Laban
Tespong
Labban
Tekik
Kasia Jowo
Delingsen
Wangkal
Trenggulun
Serut
Kayu mempet
Lamtoro
Kayu ulet
Gondang
Kersen
Kapasan
sengon buto
Sempur
Luwing
Euphorbiaceae
Caesalpiniaceae
Tiliaceae
Flacourtiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Tiliaceae
Annonaceae
Lauraceae
Sapindaceae
Caesalpiniaceae
Papilionaceea
Ulmaceae
Mimosaceae
Verbenaceae
Sterculiaceae
Verbenaceae
Mimosaceae
Caesalpiniaceae
Flacourtiaceae
Mimosaceae
Burseraceae
Moraceae
Hypericaceae
Mimosaceae
Sterculiaceae
Moraceae
Tiliaceae
Malvaceae
Mimosaceae
Dilleniaceae
Moraceae
Wood
Density (g cm3
)
1.04
0.76
0.71
0.7
0.63
0.63
0.62
0.61
0.61
0.61
0.6
0.6
0.59
0.57
0.56
0.54
0.53
0.52
0.52
0.5
0.5
0.49
0.48
0.45
0.44
0.41
0.4
0.38
0.33
0.28
0.21
Appendix 9.
Figure 5. Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile, Their Habitat, Habitus, Flower and
Fruit
Appendix 10.
Figure 6. Groundcover Diversity in the Biodiversity Conservation Area of Cirebon Quarry