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CONSERVATION AREA AT CIREBON QUARRY (MT. BLINDIS) AND IT’S POTENCY IN CARBON SEQUESTRATION Titut Yulistyarini, Abban Putri Fiqa, Rachmawan Adi Laksono, Dwi Narko and Matrani Purwodadi Botanic Garden - Indonesian Institute of Sciences ABSTRACT The biodiversity conservation areas of Cirebon quarry, in this case Mt Blindis and Mt Sari is a limestone ecosystem. Limestone ecosystems play an important role in climate regulation. Quantifying the organic carbon storage of limestone ecosystems in this area is definitely helps to evaluate the roles of these ecosystems in both global and regional carbon cycles and also their impact on climate. This research was carried out to know the floristic composition in the biodiversity conservation area and to complete data of carbon storage in Cirebon quarry on each ecosystem types. In deep, it will give information which ecosystem and carbon pool that contributes the highest carbon stock. The carbon stock calculating methods in above-ground was based on RaCSA (Rapid Carbon Stock Appraisal) methods. Based on the observation, there are three ecosystem types in Cirebon Quarry i.e. Opened Area, Thick Bushes and Secondary Forest. The result showed that Secondary forest had the highest total C-stock which was 87.18 t C ha-1, while the C-stock on Thick Bushes and Opened Area were 42.95 and 17.92 respectively. The total C stock in biodiversity conservation area of Cirebon Quarry was 148.05 t C ha-1 comprises 48% of C plant biomass and 52% of C soil. INTRODUCTION Indonesia is one of the main player in the global mining industry. One of the important mining industries in Indonesia is a cement industry, where Indocement, as a part of Heidelberg Cement Group take a part on it. One of its factories is listed as a one of the biggest integrated cement factory in the world, with the capacity production about 18,6 milliard ton cement per year. However, the mining industry also caused many environmental problem such as a green house effects which is become the most popular issue nowdays and occurs as a result of air pollution and forest clearing. Moreover, there are only a few mining industry pay an attention that forest are an important component of land cover in the tropics and for this reason they play an important role in carbon balance of this region. Cement mining industry always dealing with the karst or limestone ecosystems. Karst ecosystem is an important type of landscape, since its cover 12% of the land area in the world. In South-East Asia, karsts cover an area of about 400,000 km2 (Day & Urich, 2000) and tropical forests over limestone are fairly common. Forests over limestone are seen as arks of biodiversity and often contain high levels of endemism (Clements et al., 2006). So far, there is no intensive research in Indonesia about the limestone area and its potency in Carbon storage. Due to this condition, this research becomes interesting and important to do. OBJECTIVE The research was carried out to know the floristic composition in the biodiversity conservation area (Mount Blindis) and also to complete data of carbon storage in Cirebon quarry on each ecosystem types. In deep, it will give information which ecosystem that contributes the highest carbon stock. The floristic composition is useful to specify the appropriate species that could be use in the reforestation program. Furthermore, the study could also become a pilot project of mining conservation area in Indonesia, in order to attract the others to do the similar action to save the environment. BACKGROUND INFORMATION Cirebon quarry is located approximately 15 km west of Cirebon in the Kromong Mountains which is in area of sloping hills, moderate and steep with a height of about 250 meters above sea In general, the mining area’s topography is sloping hills. To the north side of the active mining area, there is a small hill, called Mount Blindis (Heidelberg Cement, 2014). Mount Blindis is an area which is not accessed for mining activity, since it was dedicated as a biodiversity conservation area. Based on the biodiversity survey report in Heidelberg Cement (2014), this steep hill is entirely covered in thick bushes and stands of low trees, like Java palisander, mango, mahogany, Acacia, and Indian rosewood, among others. The rocks making up this mountain is a rock and clay-limestone, and also clay. The study of carbon storage in biodiversity conservation area was located in Mount Blindis, between 6⁰42’30” and 6⁰42’59” S and 108⁰23’15” and 108⁰23’50” E. The elevation of this area ranges from 60 and 250 m above sea level (Appendix 1). Regarding the Indocement presentation (2014), the mean annual precipitation (2003-2013) is 1919 mm, and occurring between November and May, while the average annual temperature is 28°C. METHODS A. Classify Cirebon Quarry Biodiversity Conservation Area Cirebon Quarry Biodiversity Conservation Area was divided into three area based on their ecosystems types. The three ecosystems types are Opened Area (OA), Thick Bushes (TB) and Secondary Forest (SF). Next, the entire area was delineated using GPS (Global Positioning System), to assist determine the number of plot in the each area based on the extent of the area. This process further will analyze and produce a map by using Arc View GIS software. B. Field Inventory Plots were made in each ecosystem types to analyze the floristic composition and calculate the carbon stock in the area. In total 11 representative plots of 2000 m2 (20m x 100m) for measuring woody plants with dbh (diameter at breast height) > 30cm (trees). While woody plants with dbh 5-30cm (saplings) were measured in 11 subplots of 200m2 (40m x 5m). While ground cover was measured in 55 sub-sub plots of 0.25 m2 (0,5m x 0,5m) set up in each plot of all ecosystems types (Appendix 2). a. Floristic Composition The inventory on trees, saplings and ground cover, was done in three ecosystem types (OA, TB and FS). The floristic composition across vegetation types were determined by calculating density, frequency and domination species. Species names, individuals’ dbh and abundance were recorded in each plot. The Important Value Index of each species (tree, sapling and ground cover) for each plot was calculated by summing the relative density, relative frequency and relative dominancy cover. The species diversity was calculated by Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’). The formula Diversity Index (Ludwig and Reynolds 1988) : H’= Σpi.2log pi , pi= ni/N, where ni = number of individual from species N = total number of individual b. Carbon Stock Carbon storage on each ecosystem type was estimated from five pools of carbon stock, which is above ground pools; consist of trees (dbh > 30cm), saplings (dbh 5-30cm), ground covers (plant that dbh < 5cm i.e. shrubs, herbs, seedling, and woody climbers) and the last one are litters. Whereas below ground pool is soil (0-20cm in depth). The carbon stock calculating methods in above-ground was based on RaCSA (Rapid Carbon Stock Appraisal) methods (Hairiah et al., 2011). Due to the mean annual rainfall in Cirebon reaches 1919 mm per year, allometric equation that used to estimate the tree biomassa are based on Chave et al., (2005), that specific used in the ecosystem which have the mean annual precipitation range 1500-4000 mm per year. The allometric equation is: (AGB)est =π * exp(-1.499+2.148 ln(D)+0.207(ln(D))2 – 0.0281 (ln(D))3 ) Where (AGB)est = tree biomassa (kg/tree); D = dbh (diameter at breast height) (cm); π = wood density, (g.cm-1). Wood densities of each species were measured manually. Each of the twigs (three samples), were measured their length and diameter to get the volume. Then, these samples were dried in the oven at 100°C for 48 hours. Finally, their dry weights were weighed to get the wood density. To measure groundcover biomassa is by weighing the wet and dry matter of groundcover samples. All groundcover materials that completely harvested from the subsubplots were transported to the laboratory for the next process. Similarly, litters that collected in the subsubplots also given the same treatment. The groundcover materials and litter samples were oven dried at 80⁰C for 48 hours and finally weighed. Estimation of root biomass was done by using default value that is based on the ratio of trees and root. The biomass ratio of trees and roots in the dry lands wet tropical forest is 4:1 (Cairns et al. 1997, Mokany et al. 2006). Next, the trees, sapling, groundcover, litter and root biomass was converted into C-stock with with formula Hairiah et al. (2011): C = 0.46 x biomass The soil organic carbon was calculated by determining the soil weight per hectar, in depth 0-20 cm. Then in the laboratory, the organic matter was determined by Walkey & Black oxidation method. While, soil bulk density was determine by gravimetric methods, which is taking soil sample at 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm depth with a cylindrical soil sampler in each plot. C. Statistical Analysis All of the vegetation quality parameter and also their Carbon stock are compared with the ecosystem types by the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with F test. And only P <0.05, was listed as consider significant. The statistical analysis was done by MINITAB 14.0. RESULTS The biodiversity conservation area (Mt. Blindis and Mt. Sari) was divided into three ecosystem types which were Opened Area (OA), Thick Bushes (TB) and Secondary Forest (SF). The Opened Area was located in Mt. Blindis and Mt. Sari that only groundcover lived there without any trees and saplings. In the Thick Bushes area, various types of bushes, shrub, herb or woody climber grown well. However, some trees and sapling still could found in a small number. While in the Secondary Forest, forests is regenerating largely through natural processes after significant removal or disturbance by human activity. The Secondary forest was more difficult to access, since it had a sharp slope (45-60⁰). Based on the large of the area, thick bushes area had the largest area, that coverage 25,94 ha, while opened area had almost the same large as a secondary forest (Figure 1, Appendix 1). Figure 1. Delineation Map of Biodiversity Conservation Area a. Floristic composition There were 31 trees/sapling species and 83 ground cover species (shrub, woody climber and herb) found in the biodiversity conservation area of Cirebon Quarry. Vitex pinnata and Schoutenia ovata that have local names Labban and Wali kukun respectively, were identified as dominant tree species in the secondary forests due to their high IVI (47.73 and 41.84). Both of V. pinnata and S. ovata that also dominated sapling species, are native species. Almost all trees and saplings species (± 80%) in secondary forest are native species. Nevertheless, some reforestation tree/sapling species found in there such as Acacia auriculiformis (Akasia), Dalbergia latifolia (Sonokeling), Cassia fistula (Trengguli) and Senna siamea (Johar) are introduction species. While groundcover species dominated in the area, were namely Oplismenus burmanni, Salvia misella and O.compositus. In the Thick Bushes ecosystem had been found some trees species like Akasia (A.auriculiformis, A.nilotica), Mangifera indica and S.ovata. Lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephalla), A.nilotica and Sonokeling (Dalbergia latifolia) were saplings species that dominated this area, and all of them are reforestation species. There were 65 species ground cover such as Chromolaena odorata, A.nilotica and Lantana camara dominated at thick bushes ecosystem. While Opened Area was dominated by ground cover species such as Themeda arguens, Alysicarpus vaginalis, Salvia misella and Mimosa pudica. Secondary Forest had the highest Shannon Wiener Diversity Index (H’) for tree and sapling which was 4 (Appendix 3). Thick Bushes ecosystem had lower diversity index than Secondary Forest, which was 1.8 and 3.3 for tree and sapling respectively. However, this ecosystem types had the highest diversity on ground cover that reached 5.32, while Opened Area only reached 4.42. The variety plots of carbon measurements were indicated by a population density of trees. The tree density among three ecosystem types showed significant difference (P = 0.000) and so did with the saplings and ground cover density (Appendix 4). Secondary Forest had the highest density of trees and saplings (P< 0.05), about 37.82 (±22.70 SD) individu.ha-1 and 681.8 (±270.4 SD) individu.ha-1 respectively and significantly different from the two other ecosystem types (Figure 2). Consequently, the canopy cover on this area was stated as the highest. Whereas trees and sapling density of Thick Bushes area were 1.82 (± 4.62 SD) and 245.5 (± 297 SD) respectively. Although there are no trees/saplings lived in the opened area, the ground cover plants in this ecosystem had the highest density (466,047±50,054 SD). Figure 2. The mean density of trees/saplings (left) and groundcover (right) in each ecosystem types c. Carbon Stock Estimation in the Biodiversity Conservation Area of Cirebon Quarry Based on the calculation, there was a significantly different of estimation carbon stock among the three ecosystem types (P = 0.000). Secondary Forest had the highest C stock reached 87.17 t C ha-1, comprised about 59% of total C stock on the biodiversity conservation area of Cirebon quarry. While Thick Bushes and Opened Area ecosystem, contributed C stock 42.96 t C ha-1 (29 %) and 17.92 t C ha-1 (12 %) respectively. In the Secondary Forest, C stock of biomass (trees, saplings, root, ground cover and litter) was higher than C stock of soil (Figure 3). Total C stock of biomass was 51.39 t C ha-1, while C stock on soil 0-20 cm in depth was 35.80 t C ha-1. Trees and saplings became the highest carbon pool (48.62 t C ha-1) in this area. Whereas ground cover and litter contributed low C stock i.e. 1,14 t C ha-1 and 1,61 t C ha-1, respectively. However, C stock of biomass in two other ecosystems was lower than C stock of soil. In Thick Bushes area, the total C stock of trees, saplings, root and groundcover reached 11.73 t C ha-1, stated lower than the C stock on soil 0-20 cm in depth, which is 26,45 t C ha-1 (Appendix 5). Similarly, the C stock of biomass in the Opened Area only reached 2,53 t C ha-1 (ground cover biomass), while soil contributed 15,39 t C ha-1. Figure 3. Total Carbon Stock in The Various Ecosystem Types of Cirebon Quarry Biodiversity Conservation Area DISCUSSION The secondary forest located at Mount Blindis had enough diversities. The Diversity Index of trees/saplings and ground cover were 4 and 4.55 respectively. Since the biomass of tree/sapling was stated as the highest carbon pool, Secondary Forest became the highest carbon contributor in conservation area of Cirebon Quarry that was 87.17 t C ha-1. Carbon stock of vegetation and soil in tropical forests over limestone was vary greatly depends on the topography, climate and geologic substrate (Vieira et al., 2004). C stock of secondary forest over limestone in Cirebon Quarry was much lower than forest over limestone in Xishuangbanna (183 t C ha-1) (Tang et al., 2012). Xishuangbanna is one of karsts ecosytem in SW China with mean annual precipitation characterization about 1539 mm per year and that is meant not much different from Mt Blindis (1919 mm). The lower C stock of secondary forest in Cirebon Quarry than in Xishuangbanna was related to the lower contribution of trees/saplings biomass (48.62 t C ha-1) compared with tree biomass on forest over limestone in Xishuangbanna (155 t C ha-1) (Tang et al., 2012) and in Serawak (178 t C ha-1) (Proctor et al., 1983). This condition was suspected due to the density of tree and sapling which was only 38 trees ha-1 and 682 saplings ha -1. C stock of tree/sapling biomass in Cirebon Quarry conservation area was also lower than the non-limestone secondary forest in Prigen District, Pasuruan, East Java, (70.7 vs 48.62 t C ha-1) (Sari et al., 2011). The difference of C-stock in this different area was related to the limited soil volume in forest over limestone that affects the limitation of water retention capacity and nutrient absorption. The limestone soils is shallow, in the Cirebon Quarry conservation area, the average depth of the soil was only 37 cm. The other C pools in the Secondary Forest were root, groundcover and litter. C stock of root on this ecosystem that reached 9.72 t C ha-1 was lower than root C-stock in the forest over limestone in Xishuangbanna (31.72 t C ha-1) (Tang et al., 2012). Sari et al. in 2011 reported that in nonlimestone secondary forest in Prigen District, Pasuruan, East Java was 14.12 t C ha-1, higher than C stock of root biomass in Cirebon Quarry conservation area that only 9.72 t C ha-1. These comparisons indicated that a higher proportion of tree biomass consequently will increase C stored in the roots. In the other hand, the C stock of ground cover in Secondary Forest showed higher than C stock of groundcover on tropical forest over limestone in Xishuangbanna which is 1,14 t C ha-1 and less than 1 t C ha-1 respectively. However, this C stock was slightly lower than C-stock in the Prigen District secondary forest that is 1.93 t C ha-1. The last biomass C-pool is litters that constitute an important flux of soil organic C. The litter C stock in the Secondary Forest of Cirebon Quarry reached 1,61 t C ha-1 that was slightly the same as the litter C-stock of tropical forest over limestone in Xishuangbanna but lower than in the Prigen District secondary forest (Pasuruan, East Java) that reached 5.89 t C ha-1. Higher C stock in the litter was related to the higher precipitation (4267.5 mm yaer-1) and the lower average day temperature (21.9⁰C) in Prigen East Java than the rainfall and average day temperature in the Cirebon quarry, so the higher litter was produced (Sari et al. 2011). The C stock of the top 10 cm soil in Secondary Forest in Cirebon Quarry reached 10-20 t C -1 ha . This value was similar to the C stock soil of tropical forest over limestone in Xishuangbanna, but lower than the corresponding value which stated 50 t C ha-1 in the top soil of non-limestone tropical rainforest in Tahura R.Soerjo (Malang, East Java) (Hairiah et al., 2010). Soil C densities in forests of tropical Asia ranged from 50 to 120 t C ha-1 (Palm et al., 1986). The soil condition in the Cirebon Quarry was indicated as the lower end of tropical forest ecosystem in tropical Asia (Soil characterization, Appendix 6). Based on C pool contribution, C-biomass in Cirebon Quarry Secondary Forest contributed 52% of the total C pool while soil contributed 48%. In contrast, plants biomass in Xishuangbanna forests limestone contributed 80% of the total C pool while soil only 20%. This condition showed that the Secondary Forest in Cirebon Quarry was being degraded. In the other case, C stock biomass in Opened Area (2.53 t C ha-1) and Thick Bushes (4.78 t C ha-1) were lower than C stock of soil which were 15.39 t C ha-1 and 26.45 t C ha-1 t C ha-1 respectively. The comparison between C stock of plant biomass and C stock of soil in these two ecosystems was 20-40%: 80-60%. This was indicated that Opened Area and Thick Bushes ecosystems were formed after the forest was degraded in the past. Compared with other tropical forests in other areas and on non-limestone like in Venezuela, Delaney et al. (1997) found that soil contained as much or more C than plant biomass. Similarly, soil comprised more than 40% of the ecosystem C stocks in a secondary tropical forest in Philippines (Lasco et al. 2004). So did the C stock of soil in the degraded forest in Konto Watershed which showed 55% of C soil and 45 % C plant biomass (Sari et al., 2011) Generally, total C stock in biodiversity conservation area of Cirebon Quarry was 148.05 t C ha-1 comprised 48% of C plant biomass and 52% of C soil. While overall, ecosystem C stock in tropical forests over limestone in Xishuangbanna was 214 t C ha-1 comprises 80 % of C plant biomass and 20% of C soil (Tang et al., 2012). This condition was indicated that the C soil was stored before forest degraded. The low C stock plant biomass condition in Cirebon Quarry indicates that there is should be an increasing carbon sequestration from 48.62 (C stock of tree/sapling in Cirebon Quarry) to 155 t C ha-1 (C stock of tree/sapling in Xishuangbanna). To increase C sequestration in this area there is should be a converting program from Thick Bushes and Opened Area to the forest area by doing restoration program. The restoration program is important to maintain the high diversity of flora in this conservation area (H’ average = 4). The rehabilitation program is carried out by plant some native tree species which had heavy wood (high wood density) and easily propagated such as Tutup (Macaranga tanarius, 1.04 g cm-3), Walikukun (Schoutenia ovata, 0.71 g cm-3), Rukam lanang (Scolopia spinosa, 0.7 g cm-3), kemloko (Emblica officinalis, 0.63 3 g cm-3), and Anggrung (Trema orientalis, 0.6 g cm-3). Some trees have potency as a pioneer plants i.e. Tutup (M. tanarius), Johar (Senna siamea) and ground cover species Mucuna pruriens, Moghania lineata and Desmodium triflorum (Appendix 7,8) Nowdays, restoration program become urgent to be done, in order to inhibit the growth and spread out of dominant ground cover species which have potency as invasive species such as C. odorata and A. nilotica. The observation results in Mt Blindis, A. nilotica have spread as widely as approximately 5 hectares at the north east of this hill (Appendix 9). Restoration program also important to increase the number and the diversity of vegetation, as well as soil and water conservation both inside and outside the area are. Planting native trees such as Rukam lanang (S.spinosa), Kemloko (E.officinalis), Kesambi (S. oleosa), Trenggulun (Protium javanicum) and Sempur (Dillenia obovata), also gives benefit to the local animals such as birds and monkeys besides its main role to enhance the diversity. CONCLUSION 1. Secondary forest in conservation area of Cirebon Quarry had the highest flora (tree, sapling and ground cover) diversity. There were 31 trees/sapling species and 83 ground cover species. Almost all trees and saplings species (± 80%) in secondary forest are native species. Vitex pinnata and Schoutenia ovata were dominant species. 2. Secondary forest had the highest C-stock which was 87.18 t C ha-1, while the C-stock on Thick Bushes and Opened Area were 42.95 t C ha-1and 17.92 t C ha-1 respectively. 3. The total C stock in biodiversity conservation area of Cirebon Quarry was 148.05 t C ha-1 comprised 48% of C plant biomass and 52% of C soil. Restoration program could be the suitable solution to increase C sequestration in this area. This program could be done with native species that had high wood density and easily propagated, such as Tutup (M. tanarius), Walikukun (S.ovata ), Rukam lanang (S.spinosa), kemloko (E.officinalis), Kesambi (S. oleosa) and Anggrung (T.orientalis). The advantage of applying our research for biodiversity and /or society and company The tropical limestone forest like forest in Mt Blindis has potency as a large reservoir of atmospheric CO2; this information can be added by calculating the carbon stock in biodiversity conservation area of Cirebon Quarry. In addition, by applying result suggested in the research, which is planting native species in restoration program this ecosystem could increase their C sequestration and also maintain and enrich its biodiversity. In fact, needs more than 30 years to reached C-stock to the ideal condition, but it will worth since the ecosystem services (the amount of CO2 absorption) that resulted will also increase. In addition, other program such as monoculture plantation system will result lower C stock. Monoculture plantation such as sengon buto, pine, mahogany and Paraserianthes falcataria are timber trees, that will be harvest in 30, 50, 15 years later, so that carbon emission will be happened. In contrast, forest conservation area will provide the highest carbon stock and store carbon for longer time. Forest conservation with native plants also conserves local animals such as birds and mammals. Restoration with mango (Mangifera indica) at the buffer zone between the quarry and a nearby village could be alternatives, since mango trees could be utilized by local people. Study result on mango plantation inside the Cirebon quarry showed that this plantation could store 61.5 t C ha-1 in 5 years. However, since Mount Blindis was stated as the biodiversity conservation area, it is important to increase the species diversity and species richness inside the area by doing the proper restoration program. Appendix 1. Figure 1. The Overview of Biodiversity Conservation Area (Mount Blindis) Figure 2. The Three Ecosystem Types in the Biodiversity Conservation Area of Cirebon Quarry Appendix 2. Figure3. Plots Sample Figure 4. Field Activity Appendix 3. Table 1. Species number, Density, Diversity and Species with the Highest Important Value Index in The Each Ecosystem Types Ecosystem types Opened Area Thick Bushes Secondary Forest The number of species H' (ShannonWiener) Density (plants/ha) T S GC T S GC 0 0 21 0 0 466,047±50,054 4 13 65 1.82 ± 4.62 245.5 ± 297 24 25 39 37.82 ± 22.7 681.8±270.4 290,233±102,202 T S GC Highest IVI T S GC - - Themeda arguens, Alysicarpus vaginalis, Salvia misella, Mimosa pudica Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia nilotica, Mangifera indica, Schoutenia ovata Leucaena leucocephalla, Acacia nilotica, Dalbergia latifolia, Ficus hispida Chromolaena odorata, Acacia nilotica, Lantana camara Vitex pinnata, Schoutenia ovata, Microcos tomentosa Vitex pinnata, Schoutenia ovata, Leucaena leucocephalla Oplismenus burmanni, Salvia misella 4.02 404,651±136,126 1.8 3.3 5.23 4 4 4.55 Appendix 4. Table 2. Ecosystem Types in Conservation Area of Cirebon Quarry Large of area Ecosystem types (ha) Percentage (%) Opened Area 18,19 28,94 Thick Bushes 25,94 41,27 Secondary Forest 18,73 29,80 Total 62,86 100% Appendix 5. Table 3. Total Carbon on Each Carbon Pool in the Three Ecosystem Types (p<0.00, α< 0.05) Trees Saplings Roots Ground cover OA 0a 0a 0a 2.54 ± 0.54 a 0a 15.39 ± 1.24 a TB 1.65 ± 4.05 a 6.77 ± 10.11a 3.31 a 4.78 ± 5.78 b 0a 26.45 ± 7.25 b SF 15.78 ± 8.72 b 22.93 ± 18.05 b 9.72 b 1.14 ± 0.64 a 1.61 ± 0.63 b 35.80 ± 10.35 b Litters soil (0-20 cm) Appendix 6. Table 4. Characteristic of soil profiles in eleven plots of Opened Area (OA), Thick Bushes (TB), Secondary Forests (SF) over limestone in Mount Blindis Type Vegetation OA TB SF Soil depth (cm) 0-10 10-20 0-10 10-20 0-10 10-20 Soil bulk density (g cm-3) C content (%) 1,55 ± 0,14 1,63 ± 0,16 1,28 ± 0,35 1,48 ± 0,3 1,11 ± 0,31 1,09 ± 0,24 0,48 ± 0,05 0,48 ± 0,08 1,03 ± 0,47 0,94 ± 0,46 1,91 ± 0,74 1,41 ± 0,73 Soil thickness (cm) 13 ± 3,56 18,5 ± 3,11 37 ± 15,65 Appendix 7. Table 5. Species found in Opened Area Ecosystem Types Cirebon Quarry Biodiversity Conservation Area with its Relative Frequency (RF), Relative Dominance (RDm), and sorted from the highest Important Value Index (IVI) in the Secondary Forest A. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Trees Species Name Vitex pinnata L. Schoutenia ovata Korth. Microcos tomentosa Sm. Vitex trifolia L. Schleichera oleosa Korth. Protium javanicum Burm. f. Corypha utan Lam. Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Acacia auriculiformis A. cunn. ex Benth. Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. Macaranga tanarius (L.) M.A. Crotoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Bl. Helicteres hirsuta Lour. Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. Alibizia lebbekoides (DC.) Benth. Dillenia obovata (Bl.) Hoogl. Cassia javanica L. Muntingia calabura L. Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Cassia fistula L. Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Roxb. Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Scolopia spinosa Warb. Local name Labban Wali kukun Kayu User Laban Kesambi Trenggulun Gebang Johar Kemloko Akasia Sono keling Tutup Kayu mempet Kayu ulet Wangkal Tekik Sempur Kasia Jowo Kersen Randu Trengguli Nyampo Anggrung Rukem lanang Family Verb. Til. Til. Verb. Sapind. Burs. Arec. Caes. Euph. Mim. Papil. Euph. Hyp. Ster. Mim. Mim. Dill. Caes. Til. Bomb. Caes. Laur. Ulm. Flac. RD (%) 20.48 15.66 9.64 10.84 7.23 3.61 2.41 3.61 3.61 2.41 2.41 2.41 2.41 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 RF ( %) 8.70 13.04 8.70 6.52 8.70 6.52 4.35 4.35 2.17 4.35 4.35 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 RDm (%) 18.55 13.13 10.58 9.08 6.01 4.13 6.62 4.69 3.49 2.44 2.14 2.14 2.00 2.44 1.88 1.54 1.52 1.24 1.19 1.10 1.10 1.03 0.99 0.97 IVI (%) 47.73 41.84 28.91 26.44 21.94 14.27 13.38 12.65 9.27 9.19 8.90 6.72 6.59 5.82 5.26 4.92 4.89 4.62 4.57 4.48 4.48 4.41 4.37 4.35 B. Saplings No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Species Name Vitex pinnata L. Schoutenia ovata Korth. Leucaena leucocephalla (Lam.) de Wit. Microcos tomentosa Sm. Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Schleichera oleosa Korth. Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. Crotoxylum sumatranum (Jack.) Bl. Helicteres hirsuta Lour. Muntingia calabura L. Protium javanicum Burm. f. Ficus hispida L. f. Neonauclea sp. Macaranga tanarius (L.) M.A. Uvaria concava Teijsm. & Binn. Senna siamea (Lam.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby Abroma mollis DC. Vitex trifolia L. Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Streblus asper Lour. Solanum verbasifolium L. Homalium tomentosum (Vent.) Benth. Cassia fistula L. Callicarpa pentandra Roxb. Caesalpinia sp. Local name Laban Wali kukun Lamtoro Kayu User Kemloko Kesambi Sono keling Kayu mampet Kayu Ulet Kersen Trenggulun Luwing Gempol Tutup Kalak Johar Tespong Laban Anggrung Serut Teter Delingsen Trengguli Kayu gadung Secang Family Verb. Til. Mim. Til. Euph. Sapind. Papil. Hyp. Sterc. Til. Burs. Morac. Rub. Euph. Annon. Caes. Sterc. Verb. Ulm. Morac. Sol. Flac. Caes. Verb. Caes. RD (%) 11.76 9.15 10.46 8.50 4.58 7.19 9.15 5.88 3.27 4.58 3.27 3.27 1.96 2.61 1.96 1.96 2.61 2.61 0.65 1.31 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 RF ( %) 6.78 10.17 10.17 3.39 8.47 6.78 5.08 1.69 3.39 3.39 6.78 5.08 5.08 3.39 3.39 1.69 1.69 1.69 1.69 1.69 1.69 1.69 1.69 1.69 1.69 RDm (%) 19.49 8.59 4.58 7.61 6.16 4.45 3.68 9.86 7.40 4.90 1.86 2.63 2.91 1.85 2.23 3.32 2.15 1.31 2.17 0.51 0.64 0.64 0.58 0.31 0.16 IVI (%) 38.04 27.91 25.21 19.50 19.21 18.42 17.92 17.44 14.06 12.87 11.91 10.99 9.95 7.86 7.58 6.98 6.46 5.62 4.52 3.51 2.99 2.99 2.92 2.66 2.51 C. Groundcover No Species Name 1 Oplismenus burmanni (Retz.) P.Beauv. 2 Salvia misella Kunth 3 Oplismenus compositus (L.) P.Beauv. 4 Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. 5 Lantana camara L. 6 Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl 7 Uvaria concava Teijsm. & Binn. 8 Pteris biaurita L. 9 Debregeasia sp. 10 Adiantum lunulatum Burm. f. 11 Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. 12 Urena lobata L. 13 Mikania cordata (Burm.f.) B.L.Rob. 14 Microcos tomentosa Sm. 15 Schoutenia ovata Korth. 16 Cleome gynandra L. 17 Emblica officinalis Gaertn. 18 Bridelia sp 19 Helicteres isora L. 20 Canthium glabrum Blume 21 Quamoclit pinnata (L.) Bojer 22 Centrosema pubescens Benth. 23 Jasminum multiflorum (Burm.f.) Andrews 24 Elatostema sp. 25 Helicteres hirsuta Lour. 26 Anamirta cocculus (L.) Wight & Arn. 27 Caesalpinia sp. 28 Pavetta indica L. 29 Bauhinia sp. 30 Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume Local name Bedesan Torok bau Trasapan Sanduro Waung Pecut kuda Kalak asu Pakis Ki tongo Pakis kelor Wedusan Pulutan Rayutan Kayu bimo Wali kukun Langsana merah Kemlaka Kanyere badak Kayu ulet Kayu balung Songgo langit Kacangan Poncosudo Jelatang Kayu ulet Peron Secang Jarum, Jerum Kupu-kupu Ki Asahan Family Poac. Lam. Poac. Aster. Verb. Verb. Annon. Pter. Urt. Adiant. Aster. Malv. Aster. Malv. Til. Capp. Euph. Euph. Sterc. Rub. Convol. Papil. Oleac. Urt. Sterc. Menis. Caes. Rub. Caes. Euph. RD (%) 14.41 11.86 8.47 6.78 3.39 4.24 4.24 4.24 4.24 2.54 3.39 2.54 1.69 1.69 1.69 1.69 1.69 1.69 1.69 1.69 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 RF (%) 10.45 7.46 5.97 5.97 4.48 2.99 2.99 2.99 2.99 4.48 2.99 2.99 2.99 2.99 2.99 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.49 IVI (%) 24.85 19.33 14.44 12.75 7.87 7.22 7.22 7.22 7.22 7.02 6.37 5.53 4.68 4.68 4.68 3.19 3.19 3.19 3.19 3.19 2.34 2.34 2.34 2.34 2.34 2.34 2.34 2.34 2.34 2.34 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Bidens pilosa L. Dovyalis caffra (Hook.f. & Harv.) Sim Olax scandens Roxb. Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) Corner Glochidion obscurum (Roxb. ex Willd.) Blume Tetracera sp. Neonauclea sp. Asystacia sp. Ketul Gulo gumantung Ki Asahan Sono keling Kali age Dempul lelet Kasapan Gempol Maroto Aster. Flac. Olax. Papil. Sterc. Euph. Dill. Rub. Acanth. 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.49 0.00 2.34 2.34 2.34 2.34 2.34 2.34 2.34 2.34 0.85 Table 6. Species found in Opened Area Ecosystem Types Cirebon Quarry Biodiversity Conservation Area with its Relative Frequency (RF), Relative Dominance (RDm), and sorted from the highest Important Value Index (IVI) in the Thick Bushes Area A. Trees No 1 2 3 4 Species Name Acacia auriculiformis A. cunn. ex Benth. Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile Mangifera indica L. Schoutenia ovata Korth. Akasia Gom/ akasia Mangga Walikukun Family Mim. Mim. Anac. Til. RD (%) 17.86 17.86 17.86 17.86 RF ( %) 25 25 25 25 RDm (%) 32.42 32.42 20.75 14.41 IVI (%) 75.28 75.28 63.61 57.27 Local name Lamtoro Akasia Sono keling Lowing Kayu User Johar Widuri Wali kukun Trengguli Anggrung Gondang Srenggani Kapasan Family Mim. Mim. Papil. Morac. Til. Caes. Asclep. Til. Caes. Ulm. Morac. Malv. Malv. RD (%) 24.07 12.96 9.26 9.26 9.26 5.56 9.26 7.41 3.70 3.70 1.85 1.85 1.85 RF ( %) 18.18 4.55 9.09 13.64 13.64 9.09 4.55 4.55 4.55 4.55 4.55 4.55 4.55 RDm (%) 11.21 22.20 16.60 10.38 9.01 9.23 6.87 2.69 5.87 2.90 1.71 0.67 0.67 IVI (%) 53.47 39.71 34.95 33.27 31.90 23.88 20.68 14.64 14.12 11.15 8.10 7.06 7.06 Local name B. Saplings No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Species Name Leucaena leucocephalla (Lam.) de Wit. Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. Ficus hispida L. f. Microcos tomentosa Sm. Senna siamea (Lam.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand. Schoutenia ovata Korth. Cassia fistula L. Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Ficus variegata Blume Melastoma malabathricum L. Thespesia lampas (Cav.) Dalzell C. Groundcover No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Species Name Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King &. H.Rob. Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile Lantana camara L. Polytrias indica (Houtt.) Veldkamp. Centrosema pubescens Benth. Moghania lineata (L.) Kuntze Mikania cordata (Burm.f.) B.L.Rob. Paederia foetida L. Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. Barleria prionitis L. Mimosa pudica L. Urena lobata L. Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume Jasminum multiflorum (Burm.f.) Andrews Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P.Beauv. Oplismenus compositus (L.) P.Beauv. Quamoclit pinnata (L.) Bojer Hyptis capitata Jacq. Salvia misella Kunth Leucaena leucocephalla (Lam.) de Wit. Passiflora foetida L. Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. Dovyalis caffra (Hook.f. & Harv.) Sim Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. Uvaria concava Teijsm. & Binn. Meremia emarginata (Burm.f.) Hallier f. Centotheca lappacea (L.) Desv. Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. Local name Sanduro Gom Waung Lamuran Kacangan Bunga pelumpang Rayutan Simbukan Sisik betok Sundep Putri malu Pulutan Kanyero badak Poncosudo Wedusan jukut pahit Trasapan Songgo langit Gringsingan Torok bau Lamtoro Krawangan Rawe Gulo gumantung Genjret Kalak asu Akar sambang Jambean Rumput jarum Family Aster. Papil. Verb. Poac. Papil. Papil. Aster. Rub. Papil. Acanth. Mim. Malv. Euph. Oleac. Aster. Poac. Poac. Convol. Lam. Lam. Mim. Pasif. Papil. Flac. Euph. Annon. Convol. Poac. Poac. RD (%) 9.39 10.44 5.85 5.01 3.13 4.18 3.34 2.71 3.34 3.34 2.09 2.51 2.30 2.51 1.88 2.09 2.09 1.88 2.09 1.46 1.67 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.04 0.84 1.04 0.84 RF (%) 9.64 5.62 4.82 3.61 4.02 2.81 3.61 4.02 3.21 2.81 3.21 2.41 2.41 2.01 2.41 2.01 2.01 2.01 1.61 2.01 1.61 1.61 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.61 1.61 1.20 1.20 IVI (%) 19.03 16.06 10.66 8.62 7.15 6.99 6.95 6.73 6.55 6.15 5.30 4.91 4.71 4.51 4.29 4.10 4.10 3.89 3.69 3.47 3.28 3.07 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.65 2.44 2.25 2.04 30 Olax scandens Roxb. 31 Ehretia microphylla Lam. 32 Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees Glochidion obscurum (Roxb. ex Willd.) 33 Blume 34 Cyperus sp 35 Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. 36 Solanum torvum Sw. 37 Senna tora (L.) Roxb. 38 Melastoma malabathricum L. 39 Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand. 40 Helicteres isora L. 41 Themeda arguens (L.) Hack. 42 Caesalpinia sp. 43 Cyanthillium cinerum (L.) H.Rob. 44 Thespesia lampas (Cav.) Dalzell 45 Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl 46 Spermacoce articularis L.f. 47 Cyperus cephalotes Vahl. 48 Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. 49 Ficus septica Burm.f. 50 Amorphophallus variabilis Blume 51 Elephantopus scaber L. 52 Oplismenus compositus (L.) P.Beauv. 53 Schoutenia ovata Korth. 54 Leea angulata Korth. ex Miq. 55 Solanum verbascifolium L. 56 Scoparia dulcis L. 57 Loganiaceae 58 Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud. 59 Commelina benghalensis L. 60 Aeschynomene elegans Cham. & Schltdl. Lenteng, Krasahan Orok-orok Cina Sambiloto Olax. Borag. Acanth. 0.84 0.84 1.04 1.20 1.20 0.80 2.04 2.04 1.85 Dempu lelet Tekian Brobosan Pokak Kacangan Srenggani Widuri Kayu ulet Merakan Secang Nyawon Kapasan Pecut kuda Gempur batu Jukut pendul Sonokeling Awar-awar Porang Tapak liman Bedesan Wali kukun Girang Teter Joko tuwo rumput bunga merah Geworan Aseman Euph. Cyp. Papil. Sol. Caes. Melas. Asclep. Sterc. Poac. Caes. Aster. Malv. Verb. Rub. Cyp. Papil. Mor. Arac. Aster. Poac. Til. Leac. Sol. Scrop. Logan. Poac. Com. Papil. 1.04 1.04 0.63 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.84 0.42 0.42 0.63 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.80 0.80 1.20 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.40 0.80 0.80 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 1.85 1.85 1.83 1.64 1.64 1.64 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.24 1.22 1.22 1.03 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 61 62 63 64 65 Tridax procumbens (L.) L. Ficus hispida L. f. Helicteres hirsuta Lour. Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) Corner Thunbergia alata Bog.ex. Sims Kemondelan Luwing Kayu ulet Kalirage Patuk manuk Aster. Mor. Sterc. Mor. Acanth. 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 Table 7. Species found in Opened Area Ecosystem Types Cirebon Quarry Biodiversity Conservation Area with its Relative Frequency (RF), Relative Dominance (RDm), and sorted from the highest Important Value Index (IVI) in the Opened Area Groundcover No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Species Name Themeda arguens (L.) Hack. Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. Salvia misella Kunth Mimosa pudica L. Sida retusa L. Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl Polytrias indica (Houtt.) Veldkamp Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. Cyperus rotundus L. Cyperus sp Passiflora foetida L. Glochidion obscurum (Roxb. ex Willd.) Blume Themeda gigantea (Cav.) Hack. ex Duthie Lantana camara L. Schoutenia ovata Korth. Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. Leucaena leucocephalla (Lam.) de Wit. Dovyalis caffra (Hook.f. & Harv.) Sim Quamoclit pinnata (L.) Bojer Moghania lineata Tridax procumbens (L.) L. Local name Merakan Brobosan Torok bau Putri malu Sida gurih Pecut kuda Lamuran Rumput jarum Teki Tekian Krawangan Dempu lelet Merakan kebo Waung Wali kukun Teki Lamtoro Gulo gumantung Songgo langit Bunga pelumpang Kemondelan Family Poac. Papil. Lam. Mim. Malv. Verb. Poac. Poac. Cyp. Cyp. Pasif. Euph. Poac. Verb. Til. Cyp. Mim. Flac. Convol. Papil. Aster. RD (%) 12.86 8.57 11.43 8.57 10.00 7.14 5.71 4.29 4.29 2.86 2.86 4.29 2.86 2.86 2.86 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.43 RF (%) 12.20 12.20 7.32 9.76 4.88 4.88 4.88 4.88 4.88 4.88 4.88 2.44 2.44 2.44 2.44 2.44 2.44 2.44 2.44 2.44 2.44 IVI (%) 25.05 20.77 18.75 18.33 14.88 12.02 10.59 9.16 9.16 7.74 7.74 6.72 5.30 5.30 5.30 3.87 3.87 3.87 3.87 3.87 3.87 Appendix 8. Table 8. Wood Density of Trees/ Sapling Species Living in the Biodiversity Conservation Area in Cirebon Quarry No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Species Name Macaranga tanarius (L.) M.A. Cassia fistula L. Schoutenia ovata Korth. Scolopia spinosa Warb. Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Microcos tomentosa Sm. Uvaria concava Teijsm. & Binn. Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Roxb. Schleichera oleosa Korth. Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Acacia auriculiformis A. cunn. ex Benth. Vitex trifolia L. Abroma mollis DC. Vitex pinnata L. Albizia lebbekoides (DC.) Benth. Cassia javanica L. Homalium tomentosum (Vent.) Benth. Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. Protium javanicum Burm. f. Streblus asper Lour. Crotoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Bl. Leucaena leucocephalla (Lam.) de Wit. Helicteres hirsuta Lour. Ficus variegata Blume Muntingia calabura L. Thespesia lampas (Cav.) Dalzell Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb Dillenia obovata (Bl.) Hoogl. Ficus hispida L. f. Local name Family Tutup Trengguli Wali kukun Rukem lanang Kemloko Kayu User Kalak Nyampo Kesambi Johar Sono keling Anggrung Akasia Laban Tespong Labban Tekik Kasia Jowo Delingsen Wangkal Trenggulun Serut Kayu mempet Lamtoro Kayu ulet Gondang Kersen Kapasan sengon buto Sempur Luwing Euphorbiaceae Caesalpiniaceae Tiliaceae Flacourtiaceae Euphorbiaceae Tiliaceae Annonaceae Lauraceae Sapindaceae Caesalpiniaceae Papilionaceea Ulmaceae Mimosaceae Verbenaceae Sterculiaceae Verbenaceae Mimosaceae Caesalpiniaceae Flacourtiaceae Mimosaceae Burseraceae Moraceae Hypericaceae Mimosaceae Sterculiaceae Moraceae Tiliaceae Malvaceae Mimosaceae Dilleniaceae Moraceae Wood Density (g cm3 ) 1.04 0.76 0.71 0.7 0.63 0.63 0.62 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.6 0.6 0.59 0.57 0.56 0.54 0.53 0.52 0.52 0.5 0.5 0.49 0.48 0.45 0.44 0.41 0.4 0.38 0.33 0.28 0.21 Appendix 9. Figure 5. Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile, Their Habitat, Habitus, Flower and Fruit Appendix 10. Figure 6. Groundcover Diversity in the Biodiversity Conservation Area of Cirebon Quarry