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ZOOL 41025 Insect Systematics and Biology Laboratory Practical No.1: Collection, Preservation and Mounting Techniques: Whole insect Learning outcomes: At the end of the practical session, the students will be able to: (a) Practice the general collection and preservation methods of insects. (b) Prepare dry mounts of whole insects. 1. Collect the following insects: Cockroach, Grasshopper/Cricket, Beetle/weevil, Butterf1y/Moth, Mosquito/House fly, Silverfish, termites, bee/wasp/ ant, flea Aphids/Scale insects/Plant bug, Ant-lion Thrips, Dragonfly Stick insect, Earwig 2. Study the methods that can be used in the preservation of insects. (a) Wet preservation (b) Freezing (c) Preparation of slide mounts (d) Dry preservation 3. Prepare dry mounts of the specimens A, B, and C. Specimen A = Butterfly Mosquito Specimen B = Beetle / Weevil Specimen C = Scale insect / Ant / Practical No. 2: Preparation of slide mounts of insects and their mouth parts Learning outcomes: At the end of the practical session, the students will be able to (a) prepare permanent slide mounts of whole insects according to the general procedure. (b) prepare permanent slide mounts of adult lepidopteran mouthparts 1. Prepare a permanent slide mount of specimen A. Specimen A = Thrips/ Aphids/ Scale insects! Mealy bugs. 2. Dissect out the mouth parts of a Lepidopteran adult and prepare a permanent slide mount. Practical No. 3: Preparation of slide mounts of insects and their mouth parts Learning outcomes: At the end of the practical session, the students will be able to prepare permanent slides of adult coleopteran and hemipteran mouthparts. 1. Dissect out the mouthparts of (a) a coleopteran and (b) a hemipteran and prepare a permanent slide of each type of mouthparts. Practical No.4: Study of the Morphology of Blattodea Learning outcomes: At the end of the practical session, the students will be able to describe morphology of Blattodea members and classify an insect to Order Blattodea 1. Study the morphology of each body region of the Cockroach (Order- Blattodea). (A) Head (a) Note the position of the head and the mouthparts in relation to the axis of the body and determine if it is a hypognathous/ prognathous/ opisthognathous head. (b) Draw fully-labelled diagrams to show (i) Structure of the head capsule (ii) Antenna (iii) Mouthparts (iv) Visual organs (v) Surface texture (B) Thorax (a) Note the pattern of segmentation, the sclerites , the position and structure of the spiracles and the sculpture pattern of the tergites. (b) Draw fully-labelled diagrams to show (i) Fore and hind wings (if present) and wing- coupling apparatus (ii) A leg, fore-leg and hind-leg (C) Abdomen (a) Note the number of segments, spiracles and the pattern of sculpture of abdominal terga. (b) Observe the appendages and processes -such as cerci, ovipositor and male genitalia (claspers, aedeagus, paraineres, etc.). (c) Draw a fully labelled diagram to show (a) and (b). 2. Tabulate your results. Practical No.5 and 6: Study of the Morphology of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera Learning outcomes: At the end of the practical session, the students will be able to describe morphology of an adult (a) coleopteran and (b) a lepidopteran and (c) classify an insect to Order Coleoptera and Order Lepidoptera. 1. Study the morphology of each body region of Beetle/ weevil (Order-Coleoptera ) and Butterfly/ moth (Order- Lepidoptera) (A) Head (i) Note the position of the head and the mouthparts in relation to the axis of the body and determine whether it is a hypognathous, prognathous or opisthognathous head. (ii) Draw fuI1y-Iabelled diagrams to show (a) structure of the head capsule (b) antenna (c) mouthparts (d) visual organs (e) surface texture (B) Thorax (i) Note the pattern of segmentation, the sclerites , the position & structure of the spiracles and the sculpture pattern of the tergites. (ii) Draw fuI1y-labelled diagrams to show (a) fore-wing and hind wings (if present) and wing coupling apparatus (b) Legs (Draw one if the three legs are similar in structure; if different draw both the foreleg and the hind leg). (C) Abdomen ( a) Note the number of segments and the pattern of sculpture of' abdominal terga (b) Observe the appendages and processes -such as cerci, o"vipositor and male genitalia ( claspers, aedeagus, parameres etc. ) (c) Draw a fully labelled diagram to show (a) & (b) 2. Tabulate your results. Practical No.7: Study of the Morphology of Orthoptera Learning outcomes: At the end of the practical session, the students will be able to describe morphology of an adult (a) orthopteran and (b) classify an insect to Order Orthoptera. 1. Study the morphology of each body region of Grasshopper/ Cricket (Order-Orthoptera) (A) Head (i) Note the position of the head and the mouthparts in relation to the axis of the body and determine if it is a hypognathous, prognathous or opisthognathous head. (ii) Draw ful1y-labelled diagrams to show (a) structure of the head capsule (b) antenna (c) mouthparts (d) visual organs (e) surface texture (B) Thorax (i) Note the pattern of segmentation, the sclerites , the position & structure of the spiracles and the sculpture pattern of the tergites. (ii) Draw fully-labelled diagrams to show (a) Fore-wings and hind wings (if present) and wing coupling apparatus (b) Legs (C) Abdomen (a) Note the number of segments and the pattern of sculpture of abdominal terga. (b) Observe the appendages and processes such as cerci, ovipositor and male genitalia (claspers, aedeagus, parameres etc.) (c) Draw a fully labelled diagram to show (a) & (b). 2. Tabulate your results. Practical No.8: Study of the Morphology of Diptera Learning outcomes: At the end of the practical session, the students will be able to describe morphology of an adult (a) dipteran and (b) classify an insect to Order Diptera. 1. Study the morphology of each body region of Mosquito, housefly (Order-Diptera) (A) Head (i) Note the position of the head and the mouthparts in relation to the axis of the body and determine if it is a hypognathous, prognathous or opisthognathous head. (ii) Draw ful1y-labelled diagrams to show (a) structure of the head capsule (b) antenna (c) mouthparts (d) visual organs (e) surface texture (B) Thorax (i) Note the pattern of segmentation, the sclerites , the position & structure of the spiracles and the sculpture pattern of the tergites. (ii) Draw fully-labelled diagrams to show (a) Fore-wings and halteres (b) Legs (C) Abdomen (a) Note the number of segments and the pattern of sculpture of abdominal terga. (b) Observe the appendages and processes such as cerci, ovipositor and male genitalia (claspers, aedeagus, parameres etc.) (c) Draw a fully labelled diagram to show (a) & (b). 2. Tabulate your results. Practical No.9: Study of the Morphology of Isoptera and Thysanura Learning outcomes: At the end of the practical session, the students will be able to describe morphology of an adult (a) isopteran and (b) a thysanuran and (c) classify an insect to Order Isoptera and Order Thysanura. 1. Study the morphology of each body region of Termites (Order-Isoptera) and Silverfish (Order- Thysanura) (A) Head (i) Note the position of the head and the mouthparts in relation to the axis of the body and determine whether it is a hypognathous, prognathous or opisthognathous head. (ii) Draw fuI1y-Iabelled diagrams to show (a) structure of the head capsule (b) antenna (c) mouthparts (d) visual organs (e) surface texture (B) Thorax (i) Note the pattern of segmentation, the sclerites , the position & structure of the spiracles and the sculpture pattern of the tergites. (ii) Draw fuI1y-labelled diagrams to show (a) fore-wing and hind wings (if present) and wing coupling apparatus (b) Legs (Draw one if the three legs are similar in structure; if different draw both the foreleg and the hind leg). (C) Abdomen ( a) Note the number of segments and the pattern of sculpture of' abdominal terga (b) Observe the appendages and processes -such as cerci, ovipositor and male genitalia ( claspers, aedeagus, parameres etc. ) (c) Draw a fully labelled diagram to show (a) & (b) 2. Tabulate your results. Practical No.10: Study of the Morphology of Hymenoptera Learning outcomes: At the end of the practical session, the students will be able to describe morphology of an adult (a) hymenopteran and (b) classify an insect to Order Hymenoptera. 1. Record the following measurements of a worker ant, a. b. c. d. Head length (HL) Head width (HW) Scape length (SL) Pronotal length (PL) 2. Study the morphology of each body region of Bee, wasp, Ant (Order-Hymenoptera) (A) Head (i) Note the position of the head and the mouthparts in relation to the axis of the body and determine if it is a hypognathous, prognathous or opisthognathous head. (ii) Draw ful1y-labelled diagrams to show (a) structure of the head capsule (b) antenna (c) mouthparts (d) visual organs (e) surface texture (B) Thorax (i) Note the pattern of segmentation, the sclerites, the position & structure of the spiracles and the sculpture pattern of the tergites. (ii) Draw fully-labelled diagrams to show (a) Fore-wings and hind wings (if present) and wing coupling apparatus (b) Legs (C) Abdomen (a) Note the number of segments and the pattern of sculpture of abdominal terga. (b) Observe the appendages and processes such as cerci, ovipositor and male genitalia (claspers, aedeagus, parameres etc.) (c) Draw a fully labelled diagram to show (a) & (b). 2. Tabulate your results. Practical No.11: Study of the Morphology of Siphonaptera and Thysanoptera Learning outcomes: At the end of the practical session, the students will be able to describe morphology of an adult (a) siphonopteran and (b) a thysanopteran and (c) classify an insect to Order Siphonoptera and Order Thysanoptera. 1. Study the morphology of each body region of Flea (Order- Siphonoptera) and Thrips (Order- Thysanoptera) (A) Head (i) Note the position of the head and the mouthparts in relation to the axis of the body and determine whether it is a hypognathous, prognathous or opisthognathous head. (ii) Draw fuI1y-Iabelled diagrams to show (a) structure of the head capsule (b) antenna (c) mouthparts (d) visual organs (e) surface texture (B) Thorax (i) Note the pattern of segmentation, the sclerites , the position & structure of the spiracles and the sculpture pattern of the tergites. (ii) Draw fuI1y-labelled diagrams to show (a) fore-wing and hind wings (if present) and wing coupling apparatus (b) Legs (Draw one if the three legs are similar in structure; if different draw both the foreleg and the hind leg). (C) Abdomen ( a) Note the number of segments and the pattern of sculpture of' abdominal terga (b) Observe the appendages and processes -such as cerci, ovipositor and male genitalia ( claspers, aedeagus, parameres etc. ) (c) Draw a fully labelled diagram to show (a) & (b) 2. Tabulate your results. Practical No.12: Study of the Morphology of Hemiptera Learning outcomes: At the end of the practical session, the students will be able to describe morphology of an adult (a) hemipteran and (b) classify an insect to Order Hemiptera. 1. Study the morphology of each body region of Aphids/ Scale insects/ Plant bugs (Order-Hemiptera or Homoptera and Heteroptera) (A) Head (i) Note the position of the head and the mouthparts in relation to the axis of the body and determine if it is a hypognathous, prognathous or opisthognathous head. (ii) Draw ful1y-labelled diagrams to show (a) structure of the head capsule (b) antenna (c) mouthparts (d) visual organs (e) surface texture (B) Thorax (i) Note the pattern of segmentation, the sclerites , the position & structure of the spiracles and the sculpture pattern of the tergites. (ii) Draw fully-labelled diagrams to show (a) Fore-wings and hind wings (if present) and wing coupling apparatus (b) Legs (C) Abdomen (a) Note the number of segments and the pattern of sculpture of abdominal terga. (b) Observe the appendages and processes such as cerci, ovipositor and male genitalia (claspers, aedeagus, parameres etc.) (c) Draw a fully labelled diagram to show (a) & (b). 2. Tabulate your results. Practical No.13: Study of the Morphology of Odonata, Phasmatodea and Dermaptera Learning outcomes: At the end of the practical session, the students will be able to describe morphology of an adult (a) odonata and (b) a phasmatodea (c) a dermapteran and (d) classify an insect to Order Odonata, Order Phasmatodea and Order Dermaptera. 1. Study the morphology of each body region of Dragonfly (Order- Odonata) Stick insect (Order- Phasmatodea) Earwig (Order- Dermaptera) (A) Head (i) Note the position of the head and the mouthparts in relation to the axis of the body and determine whether it is a hypognathous, prognathous or opisthognathous head. (ii) Draw fuI1y-Iabelled diagrams to show (a) structure of the head capsule (b) antenna (c) mouthparts (d) visual organs (e) surface texture (B) Thorax (i) Note the pattern of segmentation, the sclerites , the position & structure of the spiracles and the sculpture pattern of the tergites. (ii) Draw fuI1y-labelled diagrams to show (a) fore-wing and hind wings (if present) and wing coupling apparatus (b) Legs (Draw one if the three legs are similar in structure; if different draw both the foreleg and the hind leg). (C) Abdomen ( a) Note the number of segments and the pattern of sculpture of' abdominal terga (b) Observe the appendages and processes -such as cerci, ovipositor and male genitalia ( claspers, aedeagus, parameres etc. ) (c) Draw a fully labelled diagram to show (a) & (b) 2. Tabulate your results. Practical No. 14: Demonstration of aquatic insect life stages Learning outcomes: At the end of the practical session, the students will be able to describe morphology of following aquatic insect life stages. Observe each of the following specimens under the low power stereo microscope and the high power microscope (if required). Draw fully- labelled diagrams of each specimen after observing morphological features of each of them. Write notes on the morphology of each of them. 1. Dragonfly nymph 2. Damselfly nymph 3. Mayfly nymphs 4. Trichopteran larva 5. Stonefly nymph 6. Chironomid larva Practical No. 15 & 16: Practising insect keys Learning outcome: At the end of the practical session, the students will be able to use existing taxonomic keys of insects for sorting insects (a) to the relevant order (b) to the relevant family of the orders, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera and Coleoptera. Procedure: I. Observe one insect at a time. 2. Read the information given in the key to the orders. Sort the insect to the order level after observing the morphological features mentioned in the key. 3. Use the keys to the insect families of each order, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera and Coleoptera, provided and match with the morphological features given in each key. Sort the specimen to the family level. 4. Sort an ant to the subfamily, genus and species level using the keys provided in the laboratory. Practical No. 17: Preparation of insect keys Learning outcome: At the end of the practical session, the students will be able to prepare insect taxonomic keys. Use the information and diagrams on each insect that were tabulated by you in practicals 1- 13 for this laboratory session. Prepare the taxonomic key as follows: " Example: 1. Biting and chewing mouth parts present; antennae clubbed................ 5 Mouthparts of any other type; antennae geniculate...............2 2. Forewings present; membranous...........................Specimen A (Name of the insect) Fore wings present; heavily sclerotized......................................................3 Forewings and hind wings present..............................................................4 3. 4. Use at least two features in one row of the key. Show the number of relevant figure e.g. Figure 1 (if any) at the end of the sentences given in the key.