Download Level 4 ZOOL 41025 Insect Systematics and Biology Practicals 1

ZOOL 41025 Insect Systematics and Biology Laboratory
Practical No.1: Collection, Preservation and Mounting Techniques: Whole
insect
Learning outcomes: At the end of the practical session, the students will be able to:
(a)
Practice the general collection and preservation methods of insects.
(b) Prepare dry mounts of whole insects.
1. Collect the following insects: Cockroach, Grasshopper/Cricket, Beetle/weevil,
Butterf1y/Moth, Mosquito/House fly, Silverfish, termites, bee/wasp/ ant, flea
Aphids/Scale insects/Plant bug, Ant-lion
Thrips, Dragonfly
Stick insect, Earwig
2. Study the methods that can be used in the preservation of insects.
(a) Wet preservation
(b) Freezing
(c) Preparation of slide mounts
(d) Dry preservation
3. Prepare dry mounts of the specimens A, B, and C.
Specimen A = Butterfly
Mosquito
Specimen B = Beetle / Weevil Specimen C = Scale insect / Ant /
Practical No. 2: Preparation of slide mounts of insects and their mouth parts
Learning outcomes: At the end of the practical session, the students will be able to
(a) prepare permanent slide mounts of whole insects according to the general procedure.
(b) prepare permanent slide mounts of adult lepidopteran mouthparts
1. Prepare a permanent slide mount of specimen A.
Specimen A = Thrips/ Aphids/ Scale insects! Mealy bugs.
2. Dissect out the mouth parts of a Lepidopteran adult and prepare a permanent slide mount.
Practical No. 3: Preparation of slide mounts of insects and their mouth parts
Learning outcomes: At the end of the practical session, the students will be able to
prepare permanent slides of adult coleopteran and hemipteran mouthparts.
1. Dissect out the mouthparts of (a) a coleopteran and
(b) a hemipteran
and prepare a permanent slide of each type of mouthparts.
Practical No.4: Study of the Morphology of Blattodea
Learning outcomes: At the end of the practical session, the students will be able to describe
morphology of Blattodea members and classify an insect to Order Blattodea
1. Study the morphology of each body region of the Cockroach (Order- Blattodea).
(A) Head
(a) Note the position of the head and the mouthparts in relation to the axis of the body
and determine if it is a hypognathous/ prognathous/ opisthognathous head.
(b) Draw fully-labelled diagrams to show
(i) Structure of the head capsule
(ii) Antenna
(iii) Mouthparts
(iv) Visual organs
(v) Surface texture
(B) Thorax
(a) Note the pattern of segmentation, the sclerites , the position and structure
of the spiracles and the sculpture pattern of the tergites.
(b) Draw fully-labelled diagrams to show
(i) Fore and hind wings (if present) and wing- coupling apparatus
(ii) A leg, fore-leg and hind-leg
(C) Abdomen
(a) Note the number of segments, spiracles and the pattern of sculpture of abdominal
terga.
(b) Observe the appendages and processes -such as cerci, ovipositor and male genitalia
(claspers, aedeagus, paraineres, etc.).
(c) Draw a fully labelled diagram to show (a) and (b).
2. Tabulate your results.
Practical No.5 and 6: Study of the Morphology of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera
Learning outcomes: At the end of the practical session, the students will be able to describe
morphology of an adult (a) coleopteran and (b) a lepidopteran and (c) classify an insect to Order
Coleoptera and Order Lepidoptera.
1. Study the morphology of each body region of
Beetle/ weevil (Order-Coleoptera ) and
Butterfly/ moth (Order- Lepidoptera)
(A) Head
(i) Note the position of the head and the mouthparts in relation to the axis of the body and
determine whether it is a hypognathous, prognathous or opisthognathous head.
(ii) Draw fuI1y-Iabelled diagrams to show
(a) structure of the head capsule
(b) antenna
(c) mouthparts
(d) visual organs
(e) surface texture
(B) Thorax
(i) Note the pattern of segmentation, the sclerites , the position & structure of the spiracles and the
sculpture
pattern of the tergites.
(ii) Draw fuI1y-labelled diagrams to show
(a) fore-wing and hind wings (if present) and wing coupling apparatus
(b) Legs (Draw one if the three legs are similar in structure; if different draw both the
foreleg and the hind
leg).
(C) Abdomen
( a) Note the number of segments and the pattern of sculpture of' abdominal terga
(b) Observe the appendages and processes -such as cerci, o"vipositor and male genitalia (
claspers, aedeagus, parameres etc. )
(c) Draw a fully labelled diagram to show (a) & (b)
2. Tabulate your results.
Practical No.7: Study of the Morphology of Orthoptera
Learning outcomes: At the end of the practical session, the students will be able to describe
morphology of an adult (a) orthopteran and (b) classify an insect to Order Orthoptera.
1. Study the morphology of each body region of
Grasshopper/ Cricket (Order-Orthoptera)
(A) Head
(i) Note the position of the head and the mouthparts in relation to the axis of the body and
determine if it is a hypognathous, prognathous or opisthognathous head.
(ii) Draw ful1y-labelled diagrams to show
(a) structure of the head capsule
(b) antenna
(c) mouthparts
(d) visual organs
(e) surface texture
(B) Thorax
(i) Note the pattern of segmentation, the sclerites , the position & structure
of the spiracles and the sculpture pattern of the tergites.
(ii) Draw fully-labelled diagrams to show
(a) Fore-wings and hind wings (if present) and wing coupling apparatus
(b) Legs
(C) Abdomen
(a) Note the number of segments and the pattern of sculpture of abdominal terga.
(b) Observe the appendages and processes such as cerci, ovipositor and male genitalia
(claspers, aedeagus, parameres etc.)
(c) Draw a fully labelled diagram to show (a) & (b).
2. Tabulate your results.
Practical No.8: Study of the Morphology of Diptera
Learning outcomes: At the end of the practical session, the students will be able to describe
morphology of an adult (a) dipteran and (b) classify an insect to Order Diptera.
1. Study the morphology of each body region of
Mosquito, housefly (Order-Diptera)
(A) Head
(i) Note the position of the head and the mouthparts in relation to the axis of the body and
determine if it is a hypognathous, prognathous or opisthognathous head.
(ii) Draw ful1y-labelled diagrams to show
(a) structure of the head capsule
(b) antenna
(c) mouthparts
(d) visual organs
(e) surface texture
(B) Thorax
(i) Note the pattern of segmentation, the sclerites , the position & structure
of the spiracles and the sculpture pattern of the tergites.
(ii) Draw fully-labelled diagrams to show
(a) Fore-wings and halteres
(b) Legs
(C) Abdomen
(a) Note the number of segments and the pattern of sculpture of abdominal terga.
(b) Observe the appendages and processes such as cerci, ovipositor and male genitalia
(claspers, aedeagus, parameres etc.)
(c) Draw a fully labelled diagram to show (a) & (b).
2. Tabulate your results.
Practical No.9: Study of the Morphology of Isoptera and Thysanura
Learning outcomes: At the end of the practical session, the students will be able to describe
morphology of an adult (a) isopteran and (b) a thysanuran and (c) classify an insect to Order
Isoptera and Order Thysanura.
1. Study the morphology of each body region of
Termites (Order-Isoptera) and
Silverfish (Order- Thysanura)
(A) Head
(i) Note the position of the head and the mouthparts in relation to the axis of the body and
determine whether it is a hypognathous, prognathous or opisthognathous head.
(ii) Draw fuI1y-Iabelled diagrams to show
(a) structure of the head capsule
(b) antenna
(c) mouthparts
(d) visual organs
(e) surface texture
(B) Thorax
(i) Note the pattern of segmentation, the sclerites , the position & structure of the spiracles and the
sculpture
pattern of the tergites.
(ii) Draw fuI1y-labelled diagrams to show
(a) fore-wing and hind wings (if present) and wing coupling apparatus
(b) Legs (Draw one if the three legs are similar in structure; if different draw both the
foreleg and the hind
leg).
(C) Abdomen
( a) Note the number of segments and the pattern of sculpture of' abdominal terga
(b) Observe the appendages and processes -such as cerci, ovipositor and male genitalia ( claspers,
aedeagus, parameres etc. )
(c) Draw a fully labelled diagram to show (a) & (b)
2. Tabulate your results.
Practical No.10: Study of the Morphology of Hymenoptera
Learning outcomes: At the end of the practical session, the students will be able to describe
morphology of an adult (a) hymenopteran and (b) classify an insect to Order Hymenoptera.
1. Record the following measurements of a worker ant,
a.
b.
c.
d.
Head length (HL)
Head width (HW)
Scape length (SL)
Pronotal length (PL)
2. Study the morphology of each body region of
Bee, wasp, Ant (Order-Hymenoptera)
(A) Head
(i) Note the position of the head and the mouthparts in relation to the axis of the body and
determine if it is a hypognathous, prognathous or opisthognathous head.
(ii) Draw ful1y-labelled diagrams to show
(a) structure of the head capsule
(b) antenna
(c) mouthparts
(d) visual organs
(e) surface texture
(B) Thorax
(i) Note the pattern of segmentation, the sclerites, the position & structure
of the spiracles and the sculpture pattern of the tergites.
(ii) Draw fully-labelled diagrams to show
(a) Fore-wings and hind wings (if present) and wing coupling apparatus
(b) Legs
(C) Abdomen
(a) Note the number of segments and the pattern of sculpture of abdominal terga.
(b) Observe the appendages and processes such as cerci, ovipositor and male genitalia
(claspers, aedeagus, parameres etc.)
(c) Draw a fully labelled diagram to show (a) & (b).
2. Tabulate your results.
Practical No.11: Study of the Morphology of Siphonaptera and Thysanoptera
Learning outcomes: At the end of the practical session, the students will be able to describe
morphology of an adult (a) siphonopteran and (b) a thysanopteran and (c) classify an insect to
Order Siphonoptera and Order Thysanoptera.
1. Study the morphology of each body region of
Flea (Order- Siphonoptera) and
Thrips (Order- Thysanoptera)
(A) Head
(i) Note the position of the head and the mouthparts in relation to the axis of the body and
determine whether it is a hypognathous, prognathous or opisthognathous head.
(ii) Draw fuI1y-Iabelled diagrams to show
(a) structure of the head capsule
(b) antenna
(c) mouthparts
(d) visual organs
(e) surface texture
(B) Thorax
(i) Note the pattern of segmentation, the sclerites , the position & structure of the spiracles and the
sculpture
pattern of the tergites.
(ii) Draw fuI1y-labelled diagrams to show
(a) fore-wing and hind wings (if present) and wing coupling apparatus
(b) Legs (Draw one if the three legs are similar in structure; if different draw both the
foreleg and the hind
leg).
(C) Abdomen
( a) Note the number of segments and the pattern of sculpture of' abdominal terga
(b) Observe the appendages and processes -such as cerci, ovipositor and male genitalia ( claspers,
aedeagus, parameres etc. )
(c) Draw a fully labelled diagram to show (a) & (b)
2. Tabulate your results.
Practical No.12: Study of the Morphology of Hemiptera
Learning outcomes: At the end of the practical session, the students will be able to describe
morphology of an adult (a) hemipteran and (b) classify an insect to Order Hemiptera.
1. Study the morphology of each body region of
Aphids/ Scale insects/ Plant bugs (Order-Hemiptera or Homoptera and Heteroptera)
(A) Head
(i) Note the position of the head and the mouthparts in relation to the axis of the body and
determine if it is a hypognathous, prognathous or opisthognathous head.
(ii) Draw ful1y-labelled diagrams to show
(a) structure of the head capsule
(b) antenna
(c) mouthparts
(d) visual organs
(e) surface texture
(B) Thorax
(i) Note the pattern of segmentation, the sclerites , the position & structure
of the spiracles and the sculpture pattern of the tergites.
(ii) Draw fully-labelled diagrams to show
(a) Fore-wings and hind wings (if present) and wing coupling apparatus
(b) Legs
(C) Abdomen
(a) Note the number of segments and the pattern of sculpture of abdominal terga.
(b) Observe the appendages and processes such as cerci, ovipositor and male genitalia
(claspers, aedeagus, parameres etc.)
(c) Draw a fully labelled diagram to show (a) & (b).
2. Tabulate your results.
Practical No.13: Study of the Morphology of Odonata, Phasmatodea and
Dermaptera
Learning outcomes: At the end of the practical session, the students will be able to describe
morphology of an adult (a) odonata and (b) a phasmatodea (c) a dermapteran and (d) classify an
insect to Order Odonata, Order Phasmatodea and Order Dermaptera.
1. Study the morphology of each body region of
Dragonfly (Order- Odonata)
Stick insect (Order- Phasmatodea)
Earwig (Order- Dermaptera)
(A) Head
(i) Note the position of the head and the mouthparts in relation to the axis of the body and
determine whether it is a hypognathous, prognathous or opisthognathous head.
(ii) Draw fuI1y-Iabelled diagrams to show
(a) structure of the head capsule
(b) antenna
(c) mouthparts
(d) visual organs
(e) surface texture
(B) Thorax
(i) Note the pattern of segmentation, the sclerites , the position & structure of the spiracles and the
sculpture
pattern of the tergites.
(ii) Draw fuI1y-labelled diagrams to show
(a) fore-wing and hind wings (if present) and wing coupling apparatus
(b) Legs (Draw one if the three legs are similar in structure; if different draw both the
foreleg and the hind
leg).
(C) Abdomen
( a) Note the number of segments and the pattern of sculpture of' abdominal terga
(b) Observe the appendages and processes -such as cerci, ovipositor and male genitalia ( claspers,
aedeagus, parameres etc. )
(c) Draw a fully labelled diagram to show (a) & (b)
2. Tabulate your results.
Practical No. 14: Demonstration of aquatic insect life stages
Learning outcomes: At the end of the practical session, the students will be able to describe
morphology of following aquatic insect life stages.
Observe each of the following specimens under the low power stereo microscope and the high
power microscope (if required). Draw fully- labelled diagrams of each specimen after observing
morphological features of each of them. Write notes on the morphology of each of them.
1. Dragonfly nymph
2. Damselfly nymph
3. Mayfly nymphs
4. Trichopteran larva
5. Stonefly nymph
6. Chironomid larva
Practical No. 15 & 16: Practising insect keys
Learning outcome: At the end of the practical session, the students will be able to use existing
taxonomic keys of insects for sorting insects (a) to the relevant order (b) to the relevant family of
the orders, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera and Coleoptera.
Procedure:
I. Observe one insect at a time.
2. Read the information given in the key to the orders. Sort the insect to the order level after
observing the morphological features mentioned in the key.
3. Use the keys to the insect families of each order,
Lepidoptera,
Diptera,
Hymenoptera,
Hemiptera and
Coleoptera,
provided and match with the morphological features given in each key. Sort the specimen to the
family level.
4. Sort an ant to the subfamily, genus and species level using the keys provided in the laboratory.
Practical No. 17: Preparation of insect keys
Learning outcome: At the end of the practical session, the students will be able to prepare insect
taxonomic keys.
Use the information and diagrams on each insect that were tabulated by you in practicals 1- 13
for this laboratory session. Prepare the taxonomic key as follows:
"
Example:
1. Biting and chewing mouth parts present; antennae clubbed................ 5
Mouthparts of any other type; antennae geniculate...............2
2. Forewings present; membranous...........................Specimen A (Name of the insect)
Fore wings present; heavily sclerotized......................................................3
Forewings and hind wings present..............................................................4
3.
4.
Use at least two features in one row of the key. Show the number of relevant figure e.g. Figure 1
(if any) at the end of the sentences given in the key.