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MUSICAL
INSTRUMENTS
CATALOGUE
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TURKEY
Saz (Turkish Long Neck Lute)
The Saz is the grandfather of the Greek Bouzouki. It's originated in Central Asia
where Turks lived before their westward migration. Like the guitar in Spain and the
bouzouki in Greece, the Saz is the most popular stringed instrument in Turkey.
Although similar in shape to the Greek Bouzouki, the construction, size and sound of
the Saz is different. You need a baglama saz to be able to play the microtones (Perde)
of Arabic music. These instruments have traditional tied frets that are movable, and
3 courses of strings.
Baglama
Baglama is the most commonly used string folk instrument in
Turkey. It takes different names according to the regions and according to its size
such as Baglama, Divan Sazi, Bozuk, Çögür, Kopuz Irizva, Cura, Tambura, etc.
Cura is the smallest member of the baglama family with the highest pitched sound.
The member one size bigger than cura which gives a sound that is one octave lower
than cura is the tambura. And the one with the deepest sound is the Divan sazi whose
sound is one octave lower compared to tambura.
Baglama has three main parts called Tekne, Gögüs and Sap. Tekne part is generally
made from mulberry trees as well as from woods of juniper, beech, spruce or walnut.
The gögüs part is made from spruce and the sap section from homespun or juniper.
There are pieces called burgu (screw) at the end of the sap which is opposite to tekne
part to which the strings are tied. These screws are used for tuning. There are
pitches on the sap tied with fish line. Baglama is played with a Mizrap or Tezene made
from cherry wood bark or plastic and fingers are used in some regions. The later
technique is called Selpe.
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Tar
Tar is a Turkish folk instrument played with a
plectrum (tezene). It is widely used in the Kars region. It is also a commonly used
instrument in Azerbaijan, Iran, Uzbekistan and Georgia. Its body is composed of two
bowls of different size and is generally made from mulberry trees. The gögüs section
is covered with a membrane taken from the heart of water buffaloes or cattle. Sap
section is from hard wood and fish line pitches are tied onto it.
There are two main groups of strings on tar. Those in the first group are used in
playing the tune and consists of three groups of two strings. The other group of
strings are called Kök and Zengi and are tuned according to the mode to be used and
enhance the tone.
Kabak Kemane
Kabak Kemane is a bowed Turkish folk instrument. Shows variation according to
regions and its form. It is known that instruments known as Kabak, Kemane, Iklig,
Rabab, Hegit at Hatay province, Rubaba in Southeastern Turkey, KemanÁa in
Azerbaijan and Gicak, Giccek or Gijek among the central Asian Turks all come from
the same origin.
Karadeniz Kemencesi
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Karadeniz Kemencesi is a bowed Turkish folk instrument. As can be surmised from its
name it is an instrument widely used in the Black Sea Region. Its body is made from
mulberry, plum and juniper woods. The wooden part of the bow generally rose wood or
box wood. Horse hair is tied to the ends of the bow.
Kemence is a three-string instrument. While kiris strings from gut used be put on
kemences, these days mostly metal strings are used.
Kemence is an instrument without pitches and and it is possible to get from it all types
of chromatic sounds easily. It is generally played by pressing two strings at the same
time and getting parallel quarter notes. It is furthermore played with a special
technique which is achieved with wrist movements.
Zurna
Zurna is a Turkish folk instrument of the wind type. Because
of its strong sound it is generally played in the open air, on occasions such as village
weddings, sending off the boys to military service, sport encounters, folk dances and
similar ceremonial events. It was the first melody instrument of the Mehter teams
(Janissaries Band) in the Ottoman period. It was also used in some traditional theater
(orta oyunu) performances. It is generally accompanied with a drum. Because of the
difficulty of its intonation and its high sound level, it is not used in musical groups.
However, in the recent years it started to be used by some folk music groups.
Zurna has a sound range of nearly two octaves and has eight melody keys with seven
of them on the front and one on the back. The key at the back is so located as to
come between the first two notes towards the reed section at the front. The keys
are generally round with 6-8mm diameters. The length of the instrument changes
between 30 - 60 cm and widens out like a funnel starting from the part the melody
holes end. This section is called the kalak. At the blowing end there is a thin pipe like
rod over which the reed goes. This rod is called Metem. A separate circular piece with
a hole in the middle is put over the Metem to help the breathing technique. This piece
is called Avurtluk. The most common zurna playing technique is the continuous playing
technique where while the air collected in the cave of the mouth is blown out from the
reed, inhaling through nostrils occurs simultaneously.
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Kaval
Kaval is a Turkish folk instrument of the wind type. It is known as the
instrument of the shepherds. It is also called Guval and Kuval in different regions.
The belief that the shepherd leads his sheep flock with his kaval is a wide spread
belief among the people. The word kaval is probably a derivative from the word "kav"
which means hollow on the inside.
Its sound range is about 2.5-3 octaves. It is widely used instrument in the folk music
groups of today and can be used as a solo instrument within an ensemble. Kaval
preserves its sound characteristics when played together with other instruments.
Kavals are divided into two main types as Dilli Kaval and Dilsiz Kaval and are generally
made from the wood of the plum tree.
Çigirtma
Cigirtma is a Turkish folk instrument of the wind type.
Cigirtma is made from the wing bone of the eagle. It is known to be used mostly by
the shepherds and is an almost forgotten instrument today. It has a total of seven
melody keys with six on the top and one underneath It is about 15-30 cm long.
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Mey
Mey is a Turkish folk instrument of the wind type. It consists of
three parts . Ana Gövde (main part), Kamis (reed) and Kiskac (clip). The clips mounted
to the end of the reed and can be pushed up and down on the reed and thus enabling
tuning by providing one note variation in the sound.
Mey which is made of wood from plum walnut, beech etc. has sound distance of about
one octave. It has a total of eight melody keys with seven on top and one underneath.
There are three types of Mey: Cura Mey, Orta Mey and Ana Mey. Mey is called
Balaban in Azerbaijan.
Tulum
Tulum (bagpipe) is a Turkish folk instrument of the wind type. It consists of three
parts with Deri Kismi (leather section), Nav and Agizlik (mouth piece). The air is
stored in the leather section and is let into the nav section by pressing the bag under
the arm. Nav is the part where the melody is played. It also has two parts called
Analik and Dillik. Agizlik is the section which sends the air to the leather bag of the
pipe.
Sipsi
Sipsi which is a Turkish folk instrument of the wind type is made
from bone, wood or reed. The reed ones are more common. It has a second smaller
part at the end which is made of reed that produces the sound. This part is
completely taken into the mouth and the air is blown.
It is most widely used in the Aegean Region the instrument has a total of six melody
keys with five on the top and one underneath
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Çifte
Cifte is a Turkish folk instrument of the wind type. It is made
by tying two reed pipes side by side. Two small reed pieces which produce the sound
are added to the ends of both reeds. These two small reeds are taken into the mouth
cavity and it is played by blowing the air at the same time.
There are two cifte types known as Demli cifte and Demsiz cifte. In demli Cifte one
of the reeds does not have any pitch keys and it just produces a background sound.
There are melody keys on the other red and the main melody is played through them.
Cifte is also known as Argun, Argul, Kargin or Zambir at different regions.
Davul
Davul (drum) is the oldest known percussion instrument. It can be
in different sizes and is generally used in open spaces on occasions such as weddings,
folk dances or different ceremonies. It consists of a circular wooden frame and a
hoop made from two skins and covered with skin which is put on the frame with the
help of strong strings or leather ribbons.
Davul is especially used during Ramadan to wake people up before beginning the fast.
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Nagara
Nagara (Koltuk Davulu) is a Turkish folk drum or percussion instrument.
It is placed under the arm and beaten with hands. It is longer compared to the
regular drums and its diameter is smaller.
Tef
Tef (tambourine) is a Turkish percussion instrument. It consists of a
metal or wooden hoop over which a skin is stretched. There are two types of
tambourines, with or without the cymbals.
Kasik
Kasik (spoon) is a Turkish percussion instrument. The ones
made from boxwood are particularly favored. The handles are taken between the
fingers and the oval parts are held towards the inside of the hand in a back to back
position. There are also different holding styles.
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SPAIN
The SPANISH GUITAR
is similar to the classical guitar, but of lighter
construction, with a cypress body and spruce top. Tuning pegs like those of a violin are
traditional. A distinguishing feature of all flamenco guitars is the tapping plates
(golpeadores) glued to the table, to protect them against the fingernails that are an
essential feature of the flamenco style.
The DULZAINA
is a Spanish double reed instrument in the oboe family. It
has a conical shape and is the equivalent of the Breton bombarde. Often replaced by
an oboe or double reeded clarinet, as seen in Armenian and Ukrainian folk music.
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The TIMBAL
is a musical instrument of cylindrical drum with two membranes,
usually of leather. Come in all sizes, although the drum is usually a medium-sized drum,
which can be hung on the neck, which can integrate comfortably in street parades and
other events.
CASTAÑUELAS
. The instrument consists of a pair of concave shells joined
on one edge by a string. They are held in the hand and used to produce clicks for
rhythmic accents or a ripping or rattling sound consisting of a rapid series of clicks.
They are traditionally made of hardwood of chestnut tree; Spanish: castaño).
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The ZAMBOMBA
is a membranophone friction. In Spain, the zambomba is a
very typical instrument at Christmas, often accompanying the singing of carols and
popular songs. It is also used in traditional music in many other countries.
The PANDERETA
is a musical instrument of the percussion family consisting of a
frame, often of wood or plastic, with pairs of small metal jingles, called "zils".
Classically the term PANDERETA denotes an instrument with a drumhead, though
some variants may not have a head at all. Tambourines are often used with regular
percussion sets.
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GREECE
The LYRA of the Greeks of Pontos (Black Sea region of Asia Minor) is also known
as the Kementse. It is played like a violin (violi) with a primitive style bow, but
the musicians hold the lyra in an upright position. Sometimes they rest the
instrument on their knee when they are sitting, and sometimes it is held out in
front of them. They sometimes even dance in front of the dancers while holding
the lyra in that way. The lyra usually has three strings. There are several
tunings. Common tunings include: a-a-d, e-a-d, and many others. Since the
instrument was often played alone, the tuning was often done according to the
preference of the musician and his voice's range. Sometimes percussion
instruments like a defi or daouli might be played to accompany the lyra. The
musicians usually play two or all three strings at the same time, utilizing the open
string(s) as a sort of drone to the melody. Sometimes they play the melody on
two strings at once, giving a primitive harmony in fourths. They tend to play with
many trills and embellishments, and with the unusual harmonies, the Pontian music
has a very unique sound.
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The Cretan lyra is the most popular melody instrument on the island of
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Crete (Kriti). It is a bowed instrument similar to the violin (violi), and it
usually has three strings which are tuned in fifths. The lyra players play
the lyra in an upright position. They sometimes rest it on the kneee, or, if
they are standing, they will put one foot up on a chair and rest the lyra on
the thigh. They have an unusual way of fingering the strings. Instead of
pressing the strings with the finger tips (like violinists or guitarists do),
they press against the sides of the strings with the tops of their finger
nails.
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The outi (ud) is a stringed, lute type instrument that is used throughout
the Arabic world. It originated with the Arabs. The Greek outi has mainly
been used by the Greeks from Thrace and Asia Minor, which is now part of
Turkey. When the Greek population was forcibly moved from their
homelands in Asia Minor such as Smyrni (Izmir), Konstantinoupoli (Istanbul),
and Kappadokia, musicians brought these instruments into mainland Greece.
It is very popular in the music of Smyrna and the Poli, and is often played
along with a violi (violin), a kanoni, and a hand drum like the toumbeleki.
Sometimes it is played along with a klarino and a santouri also.
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The baglamas was often favored in the early part of the 20th century as a
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solo instrument for men in jail or for a small group of "rebetes" to play for
singing and dancing. It is a smaller version of the bouzouki and is tuned re,
la, re (D, A, D), but an octave higher than the bouzouki's tuning.
The baglamas can be used as a melody instrument and can be easily made
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from wood or other material for the back (including tortoise shells, gourds,
or carved solid wood).
The tzouras is a long necked string instrument which is in the bouzouki
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family of instruments. The tzouras is also called a tambouras, and is
similar to the ancient and Byzantine forms of the long necked stringed
instruments. The body of the tzouras is smaller than that of a bouzouki.
In the past, the body of the tzouras was carved from a solid piece of
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wood, often mulberry wood, and they are still made this way today,
although the body of the instrument is often made of separate staves
(called "douyies" in Greek) just as the bouzouki is made.
•
Like the bouzouki and the baglamas, the tzouras (tambouras) was a
favorite instrument of the rebetes in rebetiko music. For several years it
was not as popular, but it has had a renaissance in the past few years.
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The bouzouki is the main or lead folk instrument found in the taverna style
•
or rebetiki music of the seaports and urban areas of Greece. The bouzouki
is the descendent of ancient Greek and eastern instruments. In ancient
times the name of this long-necked string instrument was the "trichordo"
or "three stringed instrument." During the Byzantine period, it had many
names including "tambouras," "yiongari," "pantouri," and others. It has
three pairs of strings tuned re, la, re (D, A, D). In the 1950's, a
bouzouki with four pairs of strings tuned to the intervals of the high four
strings of the guitar was developed. It is tuned down one key from the
guitar's tuning to (C, F, A, D).
•
The Santouri is a type of hammered dulcimer. It probably evolved from
harp-like instruments such as the lyra of the ancient Greeks. It is a form
of the psalterion of Byzantine times, and some ethnomusicologists attribute
the name, santouri, to the word psalterion. It is played with two
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"hammlike" sticks whose ends are wrapped in cotten.
The lavouto (laouto, lagouto) is a stringed instrument in the lute family. It
•
is related to the Arabic ud or the Greek outi, as well as to the European
lutes. In Greek folk music, it is the largest plucked string instrument,
followed by the tambouras/bouzouki, the tzouras, and the baglamas, from
largest to smallest.
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This instrument has 4 courses of strings, or four double strings. It is
tuned (from lowest to highest strings) C, G, D, A. The lower three pairs of
strings consist of one wound, heavy metal string, and one unwound string.
The highest strings, the A, consists of a pair of unwound strings of the
same diameter.
•
There are three sizes of lavouta. The largest is found on the island of
Crete, and it is often tuned lower than the tuning found in other parts of
Greece. The medium size is the most common and is found all over Greece.
There is also a slightly smaller size which is not as common. It is very good
for playing melody along with the lead melody instruments.
•
The lavouto is used in most regions of Greece, including the mainland and
the islands. It can be used as a melody instrument or as a chord, rhythm
instrument to accompany a melody instrument such as the klarino or violi.
Sometimes the lavouto players will strum the rhythm by striking all of the
strings while playing the melody on the higher strings.
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The floyera is the Greek shepherd's flute. It is not a "whistle" type flute
•
where the musician puts the flute into his mouth and blows like blowing a
whistle. Instead, the musican blows across the open end or rim of the
upper part of the floyera. In most areas of mainland Greece including
Roumeli and Peloponnisos, the instrument is called the floyera.
It can vary in length, but commonly the flolyera is about 12 inches long,
•
more or less. In northern Greece they also have longer floyeres. In Epiros,
northwestern Greece, these longer flutes are called tzamara. In Greek
Thrace, northeastern Greece, they are sometimes called gavali (similar to
the Bulgarian kaval). These longer flutes are usually around thirty (30)
inches or so in length.
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•
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The Greek gaida is similar to other bagpipes found in Balkan countries.
According to Anthony Baines, the bagpipe has been used by the Greeks
since ancient times. The gaida has a single chanter pipe and one drone
pipe. The reeds are single (like a clarinet reed). Gaides like this one can be
found today mostly in northern Greece, including Greek Macedonia and
Thrace. At one time it was found even in southern Greece. According to my
grandmother, Kaliopi Petimeza Pappayiorga, she remembers the gaida when
she was young (circa 1890's) in Arkadia (Peloponnisos). She pronounced the
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name as "gazhda." The gaida can be played unaccompanied, but percussion
instruments are played when another musician is available. The favorite
accompaniment for the gaida varies. In Greek Macedonia the daouli or
toumbano (large drum) accompanies the gaida. In Greek Thrace, the defi or
daires (small hand drum like a tambourine) accompanies the gaida.
•
The Daouli is the two headed drum. The daouli player usually hangs the
drum from a belt or strap over his left shoulder. The right side of the
drum has a lower pitched skin, while the left side has a higher pitched
skin. Goatskins are Usually used for the drumheads. In my family's village
of Kandyla, the tradition in the old days was to use wolf skin for the
heads of the daouli. A friend from Epiros told me they used to use wolf
skins for the defi (hand drum similar to a large tuned tambourine), and
today they still favor dog skin.
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SLOVAKIA
„Drumbľa“ – Jaw Harp
„Drumbľa“ - Jaw harp - is a lamellophone instrument, which is in the category of
plucked idiophones. The tongue/reed is placed in the performer's mouth and plucked
with the finger to produce a note.
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Fujara
Fujara is a unique Slovak long flute (up to 2 m), that creates a long, resonant timbre.
The playing techinque is a combination of using finger holes and changing the intensity
of blowing (for achieving higher harmonics - overtones). The sound is harmonically
rich, that is why this instrument has a very charming sound color. It is included in the
UNESCO list as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.
Fujara was originally played by shepherds; now it can be heard in folk festivals, such
as those in Východná and Detva.
Fujara trombita
Fujara trombita is a Slovak instrument (up to 6m long) similar to the Alpine horn. It is
an instrument compared to the first mobile phone. Shepherds in the hills used the
fujara trombita to send information from place to place.
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Ozembuch
“Ozembuch” - is a medieval folk instrument. It is a long stick with jingle bells, bells
and similar things, which beats the ground. Often, it contains also a string with the
function of resonator.
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Different types of wooden flutes
„Koncovka“ (overtone flute) - is an end-blown overtone flute without finger holes,
based on the natural harmonic scale, that you reach when you blow it at different
strengths. In that way, it is very easy to get started with, and it offers small
melodies almost by itself, if you let it sound.
Six – hole shepherd´s flute - for the fingering technique and sound device (which is
a recorder-type fipple), it is almost identical with the Irish whistle. Range is more
than 2 octaves, simple fingering plays a diatonic scale, but with (fork) cross-fingering,
the instrument is fully chromatic.
„Dvojačka“ (double flute) - is a traditional combination of a 6-hole shepherd's flute
with an overtone flute. A player blows simultaneously to both pipes, one of them
having a function of a melodic pipe, the other playing a constant dr
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POLAND
Kozioł (bagpipe)
Kozioł refers to several variants of bagpipes native to a region of Poland surrounding the
city of Zbąszyń.
Kozioł biały
The kozioł biały features a drone with a projecting horn, and is inflated with bellows
rather than the mouth.
Cimbalom
Cimbalon is striking plate stringed musical instrument. The earliest records of
instruments of this type in Europe date back to the 15th century from Germany,
Italy, Poland, Czech ... During the 17th and 18th centuries, the cimbalom spread
beyond Europe.
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Suka
The Suka was a unique fiddle that was played vertically.
The body of the instrument was very similar to the modern violin, but the neck was
very wide.
. It died out, and was known only from drawings of a single specimen displayed at an
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PORTUGAL
HURDY GURDY
This instrument is from Portugal.
The Hurdy Gurdy or Hurdy-Gurdy is a stringed instrument.
Hurdy Gurdy is make from wood.
The wheel functions like a violin.
Melodies are played on a keyboard.
Cavaquinho
It is a small string instrument of the European guitar family with four wire or gut
strings. It is also called machimbo, machim, machete , manchete or marchete,
braguinha or braguinho, or cavaco and ukulele. A cavaquinho player is called a
cavaquista.
It is a very important instrument in Brazilian music, especially for samba and choro.
The standard tuning in Brazil is D-G-B-D (although D-G-B-E and the mandolin tuning
G-D-A-E are also used for soloing). Some of the most important players and
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composers of the instrument's Brazilian incarnation are: Waldir Azevedo, Henrique
Cazes, Paulinho da Viola Luciana Rabello, Alceu Maia, Mauro Diniz and Paulinho Soares.
The cavaquinho is also found in other places. In Cape Verde the cavaquinho was
introduced in the thirties from Brazil. The present-day Cape-Verdean cavaquinho is
very similar to the Brazilian one in dimensions and tuning. It is generally used as a
rhythmic instrument in Cape-Verdean music genres (such as morna, coladeira,
mazurka) but it is occasionally used as a melodic instrument.
In the Hawaii, it was introduced by Portuguese and became an important part of the
popular music of that place. The Hawaiian Islands have an instrument very similar to
the cavaquinho, called the ukulele, which is based on the machête or braguinha,
brought to the islands by Portuguese immigrants. The Hawai'i an ukulele also has four
strings, though tuned differently (usually G-C-E-A), and a shape somewhat similar to
the cavaquinho. The machête was introduced into Hawaii by Augusto Dias, Manuel
Nunes, and João Fernandes in 1879.
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CZECH
Heligonka
The Heligonka or Helikónka (in Slovak: Heligónka) is a Czech and Slovak musical
instrument similar to the Melodeon (organ) or Steirische Harmonika. The Heligonka
differs from the Melodeon by having a supplemented and amplified bass part.
Fidle
A fiddle is a bowed string musical instrument, most often called the violin.[1] It is also
a colloquial term for the instrument used by players in all genres, including classical
music. Fiddle playing, or fiddling, which could refers to various styles of music.
There are no real distinctions between violins and fiddles, but some say it is the style
of music they play. It is not common for a classically trained violinist to play folk
music, but today, there are many fiddlers with classical training. Many traditional
(folk) styles are aural traditions, so are taught 'by ear' rather than with written
music.
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Bock - bagpipe
Variants of the bock, a type of bagpipe, were played in Central Europe in what are the
modern states of Austria, Germany,Poland and the Czech Republic. The tradition of
playing the instrument endured into the 20th century, primarily in the Blata, Chodsko,
and Egerland regions of Bohemia, and among the Sorbs of Saxony.[1] The name "Bock"
(German for buck, i.e. malegoat) refers to the use of goatskins in constructing the
bag, similar to the common use of other goat-terms for bagpipes in other nations,
such as the French cabrette.
Steirische Harmonika
The Steirische Harmonika (pronounced sht-irish-eh harmonica) is a type
of bisonoric diatonic button accordion important to the alpine folk music of Austria,
the Czech Republic, Slovenia, the German state of Bavaria, and the Italian South
Tyrol. The Steirische Harmonika is distinguished from other diatonic button
accordions by its typically richer bass notes, and by the presence of one key per scale
row that has the same tone on both compression and expansion of the bellows, called
aGleichton.
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Cimbalom
The cimbalom is a concert hammered dulcimer: a type of chordophone composed of a
large, trapezoidal box with metal strings stretched across its top. It is a musical
instrument popularized in Hungary and commonly found throughout the group
of Central-Eastern European nations and cultures which composed AustriaHungary (1867–1918), namely
contemporary Belarus, Hungary, Romania, Moldova, Ukraine, Poland, the Czech
Republic and Slovakia. It is also very popular in Greece. The cimbalom is (typically)
played by striking two beaters against the strings. The steel treble strings are
arranged in groups of 4 and are tuned in unison. The bass strings which are over-spun
with copper, are arranged in groups of 3 and are also tuned in unison.
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