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II. Evidence of Evolution - Evidence comes from a wide variety of observations. Archaeopteryx Fossil A. The Fossil Record - provides direct evidence for evolutionary relationships A. The Fossil Record - provides direct evidence for evolutionary relationships - many ‘missing links’ have been found (a) Pakicetus (terrestrial) (b) Rhodocetus (predominantly aquatic) Pelvis and hind limb (c) Dorudon (fully aquatic) Pelvis and hind limb (d) Balaena (recent whale ancestor) B. Comparative Anatomy 1) Homologous Structures: - organs in related organisms with a similar underlying anatomy - examples: forelimbs of humans, bats, whales, etc. Homologous Structures Flying Swimming Running Grasping 2)Vestigial Structures: - organs with no apparent function that are homologous to functional organs in related organisms - examples: coccyx, appendix, ear muscles, etc. Salamander Vestigial Structures Gibbon Viper Gray Whale C. Comparative Embryology - Organisms with common ancestors share similarities in embryonic development. Pharyngeal pouches Post-anal tail Chick embryo Human embryo C. Comparative Embryology Lizard Tortoise Pig Human D. Comparative Biochemistry - All organisms contain DNA, RNA, and proteins made of the same 20 amino acids. - The more recent two organisms share a common ancestor, the more similar their DNA and proteins. DNA Differences in Cytochrome C E. Biogeography - Biogeography explains why certain species are found in certain places. - Islands have many endemic species that are often closely related to species on the nearest mainland or island. Biogeogaphy of a Group of Pacific Island Monarchs Woolly Opossum Marsupial Mouse Wombat Biogeography of Marsupials Papua New Guinea Numbat Marsupial Mole Spotted Quoll Sugar Glider Bennett’s Wallaby Koala Australia New Zealand Biogeography of Marsupials Biogeography of Marsupials F. Types of Adaptation 1. Camouflage Leafy Sea Dragon F. Types of Adaptation 1. Camouflage Octopus near Cayman Island (1:15) . F. Types of Adaptation 1. Camouflage Octopus F. Types of Adaptation 1. Camouflage Scorpionfish Dead Leaf Butterfly Walking Stick Cheetah Mantis 2. Mimicry - A harmless species may imitate a harmful species. Milk Snake Coral Snake 2. Mimicry - A harmless species may imitate a harmful species. Hawkmoth larva Green parrot snake - 2 harmful species may reinforce each other’s warning colors. Spring Salamander Red Salamander Gyrinophilus porphyriticus Pseudotriton ruber Müllerian vs. Batesian Mimicry Median Wasp Hoverfly Hoverfly Paper Wasp Hoverfly Longhorn Beetle