Download Plant Notes12

Plant Notes
General Characteristics:
 Multicellular
 Eukaryotic
 __________________
 Cell walls made of _____________
 Vascular plants contain xylem (takes water up plant) and phloem (takes food
down the plant)
Plant Organs:
 ___________
 ___________
 ___________
 ___________
Simple Plants- The Bryophytes
 “______________________” plants
 Live in ______areas like swamps, marshes, and streams to help in
reproduction.
 They lack true roots but have ____________ instead.
 Examples- __________, liverworts, and hornworts
 Sporophyte- produces ____________
 Gametophyte- produces _______________
Ferns- The first vascular plants
 Most important adaptation:
o ______ allows movement of _____ up from the roots to
all parts of the plant
o ____________ transports ______________ and the products
of photosynthesis throughout the plant.
 Have underground stems called _______________
o Rhizome adaptations: The rhizomes act as a
____________when the fern is unable to photosynthesize
during ______or otherwise unsuitable conditions
 Have large leaves called ___________
 Contain haploid ____________ under the fronds which are
produced in tiny clusters called ___________
Roots, Stems, and Leaves in Plants:
Roots-Functions:
 Absorbs ____________ and ____________ from the soil
 _________________ the plant into the ground
 Stores extra ___________ for later use if needed
Label:
1. Where photsynthic products are stored
2. Where water flows to the stem
3. Where nutrients flow to the plant



Types of Roots :
Tap- large primary root with tiny hair-like roots for more absorption
o Example: ________________
o Adaptation of taproot in Savanna: Umbrella thorn Acacias grow in the
African savannas. One of the Umbrella Thorn's adaptions to ____________
conditions is a deep ____________which can reach 115 feet under the
ground. If it did not have taproots, then it would not get the ___________
during the dry spells.
Fibrous- roots are all similar in size
o Example: ___________
o Adaptation of fibrous roots in the desert: Many _____________ have very
long, fibrous roots which absorb moisture from the soil. Some, like ball
cacti, have shorter, more compact roots that absorb dew water that falls
off the cactus.
How do roots play a role in the nitrogen cycle? Nitrogen is an essential nutrient needed
to make ____________ and other important organic compounds, but most organisms
cannot use free nitrogen. Gaseous nitrogen is broken apart in the process of ____________
f______________. The bacteria in the soil convert the ammonia to nitrites and nitrates. The
nitrates are easily absorbed by plant roots. In this way, nitrogen is passed into the food
chain and ultimately returned to the soil, water, and atmosphere.
Roots and Symbiosis: Roots often form symbiotic associations with soil ________. In this
association, the plant ___________ from phosphorus that is taken up and supplied by the
fungus, and the fungus ____________ from carbohydrates produced by the plant. This is
an example of __________________.
Stem-Functions:
 Transport _______________ and ____________ up and ______ down through the plant
 Support the ____________
 Store extra food for the plant
 Most stems connect the leaves to the roots, like a highway connects cities.
Highlight terms that stems have in common with roots.
Do they perform the same function?
Leaves-Function:
 To ____________________ or make food (______________) for the plant
Internal Leaf Structure :
 ___________- waxy covering that prevents water loss; adaptation to land for plants
 Upper & lower _______________- first cell layer; produces cuticle for protection
 _______________ layer- long, slender cells with many chloroplasts where most
____________________ takes place
 ____________- contains xylem & phloem
 _______________ layer- in the center of the leaf; irregularly shaped cells that are
loosely packed with lots of air space between them to resemble a sponge; some
photosynthesis takes place here
 Air spaces- embedded in spongy layer; allows for quick exchange of _______ (O2)
and carbon dioxide (CO2)
 _____________- hot dog shaped cells that surround and monitor stomata openings
 ______________- openings in leaves & some stems that allow oxygen to escape
and CO2 to enter leaf
The interaction between roots, stems, and leaves: The __________ travels throughout the
entire plant transporting ___________ solutes (food). Depending on the plant’s needs,
phloem can change its flow direction. ____________ involves the movement of water and
minerals starting at the roots, running through the stems, and ends at small pores (stoma)
in the leaves. Stomata can open and close, not only at a certain time of day, but also
upon the osmotic condition of the plant.
Photosynthesis—
Photosynthesis Formula:



In the presence of light, plants transform carbon dioxide and water into
carbohydrates (glucose) and release oxygen.
__________________= carbon dioxide & water
__________________= sugar (glucose) & oxygen
Structures involved in photosynthesis:
 Organ- _________ (occasionally in stems)
 Layer- __________________
 Cell organelle- _________________
 Molecule- _________________
o __________ pigment
o Absorbs light energy from the sun & stores it in __________ bonds in glucose
o Only pigment that can transform light energy into chemical energy
Seeded Plants-Two categories of seed plants:
1. Gymnosperms- “__________________”
- Male cones produce ___________ for reproduction
2. Angiosperms- “_____________________”
– Reproduction takes place in the ________________
– Divided into two sub groups: ____________________________________
Parts of the Flower
1. ___________- modified leaves surrounding the base of the flower for protection of
the developing bud
2. ____________- all of the sepals collectively
3. ___________- colorful, often fragrant modified leaf to attract insects
4. __________- all of the petals
5. ___________- male reproductive structures collectively; look like upside down golf
clubs; consists of two parts: anther and filament
6. ________- top part of stamen (head of golf club); produces pollen (male gamete)
7. ____________- long, thin structure (shaft of golf club) that supports the anther and
holds it up high
8. ___________- female reproductive structures; consists of stigma, style, ovary, ovules,
and ova
9. ___________- sticky tip of pistil; produces nectar and traps pollen
10. __________- long, thin tube that leads to the ovary
11. _____________- enlarged, pear-shaped structure on the bottom of the pistil;
contains the ovules and ova; becomes the fruit
12. ____________- individual “room” inside the ovary that produces ova
13. __________- the female gametes (eggs)
Fruit Function
 To continue the species of a plant
 A ripened ovary that contains seeds is called a __________.
Seed Dispersal
 ____________—transport of burred seeds in animal’s fur or feathers; fleshy fruit
eaten, digested, and excreted at another location; bury seeds to come back to
eat later (squirrels burying acorns).
 __________________-- smaller seeds that have wings or other hair-like or feather-like
structures (dandelion or sycamore seeds)
 _____________________-- Plants living along streams and rivers have seeds that float
downstream, which germinate at new sites
Regulating Growth and Development in Plants
_________________ Control Plant Growth and Development:
 A _________________ is a chemical that is produced in one part of an organism
and then _________________ to another part of the organism, where it brings about
a __________________.

A _________________ is a growth response in which the direction of growth is
determined by the direction from which the _____________ comes. Auxins are
responsible for producing tropisms. If the response is toward a stimulus, it is called
a ______________ tropism. If the response is away from a stimulus, it is a
__________________ tropism.
Tropism:
Phototropism
Definition:
Growth response to __________
positive
negative
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Phototropism
growth toward light
growth away from light
Growth responses to ______________
Growth responses to _____________
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism