Download The Cardiovascular System

The Cardiovascular
System
By
Logan A.
& Ikaika H-T.
Functions of the Cardiovascular System:
• To provide nutrients and oxygen (for cellular
respiration) to tissues throughout the body
• To remove carbon dioxide waste from tissues
throughout the body from cellular respiration
• To transport hormones and maintain
homeostasis
Organs of the Cardiovascular System:
• Heart
- Acts as a pump to circulate blood throughout the body.
• Lungs
- Oxygenate blood by exchanging carbon dioxide waste for oxygen.
• Blood Vessels
- Forms a circuit to carry blood to and from the heart.
- Classified into arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins
- Arteries and arterioles carry oxygenated blood, venules and veins carry deoxygenated
- Capillaries exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide through a semipermeable membrane
Structure of the heart
• Right Side: Blood from the vena cava enters the
•
right atrium and goes through the tricuspid valve
into the right ventricle. The blood then goes to the
lungs via the pulmonary valve and the pulmonary
arteries.
Left Side: Once the blood is oxygenated it flows
back to the heart from the pulmonary veins, which
empty into the left atrium. From the right atrium
the blood flows through the bicuspid valve into the
left ventricle, which contracts to force blood
through the aortic valve and the aorta. The blood
then enters the systemic circuit and flows
throughout the body.
Pulmonary vs. Systemic Circulations
• The blood flow is divided between pulmonary and
systemic circulations
• Pulmonary circulation involves the deoxygenated
blood flowing to the lungs to become oxygenated
• Systemic circulation involves the oxygenated
blood traveling to the tissues all over the body to
provide oxygen. The deoxygenated blood then
flows back to the heart.
Heartbeats
• Atria and ventricles contract at separate times
to move blood through the heart
• The “lubb-dupp” sound during a heartbeat are
caused because of the heart valves closing
• The “Lubb” occurs during ventricular
contraction, when the tricuspid and bicuspid
valves close
• The “Dupp” occurs when the ventricles relax
and the pulmonary and aortic valves close
Diseases of the Cardiovascular System
• Atherosclerosis
-A buildup of plaque in the blood vessels
• Myocardial Infarction A.K.A. Heart Attack
-Occurs when blood flow to the heart
stops, caused by atherosclerosis
• Stroke
- Occurs when brain cells die as a result
of not getting enough blood.
- Can be Ischemic, due to lack of blood
flow, or Hemorrhagic, due to bleeding or injury
• These three diseases can be caused by lack
of exercise, smoking, poor diet, alcohol,
obesity, diabetes, and high blood pressure.
Diseases of the Cardiovascular System (Con’t)
Congenital Heart Defects (CHD)
-When the heart fails to form
properly in the womb. There are several
different kinds of defects depending on
which area of the heart is affected. CHDs
can be genetic.
Blood
• Blood is made up of red blood cells, plasma, platelets, and
white blood cells.
• Red blood cells A.K.A. Erythrocytes
- Carries oxygen to cells throughout the body via the
molecule hemoglobin
• White blood cells A.K.A. Leukocytes
-protect the body from disease and infection. They are
transported by the blood
• Platelets A.K.A. Thrombocytes
-made up of fragmented pieces of cytoplasm, they close
breaks in damaged vessels and initiate the formation of blood
clots
• Plasma
-consists mainly of water (92%), but also consists of gases,
electrolytes, proteins, wastes , nutrients, vitamins, hormones.
Plasma transports all these substances and regulates the pH
Blood Types
• Blood types depend on the presence of A or B
antigens and can be A, B, AB, or O
• Antibodies in blood react with antigens on foreign
blood cells and agglutinate
• Types A and B have the anti-B and anti-A antibodies
respectively, AB has no antibodies and O has both
antibodies
• The Rhesus factor involves Rh antigens. Rh antigens
only form in an Rh negative person after an Rh
positive blood exposure. This can happen with Rh
negative mothers carrying Rh positive fetuses and is
called erythroblastosis fetalis.
Functions of the Lipoproteins
• Lipoproteins are lipids combined with proteins and are present in plasma. They
vary based on their lipid proportion and all carry fats in the form of triglycerides
through the bloodstream.
• Chylomicron has a high concentration of triglycerides and transports dietary
fats to muscle and adipose cells
• Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) is produced in the liver and has a high
concentration of triglycerides, which it transports through the blood to adipose
cells
• Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
- Formed after VLDL gives up its triglycerides and has a high
concentration of cholesterol, which it delivers to many different kinds of cells
• High-density lipoprotein (HDL) has a high concentration of protein and
transports used chylomicrons back to the liver.
Works Cited
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