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AP Biology Evolution STUDY GUIDE This test is Multiple Choice/Grid-In/and a few short answer. There is no FRQ potion for this exam. The Evolution FRQ question will be given with a Physiology FRQ question on the next exam. 1. Take note of the vocabulary on the back of this page. It would not be a bad idea to make flash cards of these words. 2. The review activities we will be doing in class will all be posted on moodle. Revisit them. Natural Selection (online Crash Course Video available in ‘Evolution Review Folder’ on Moodle) - Understand Darwin’s 2 observations and 2 inferences he used to create his natural selection theory Know what causes genetic variation in populations Understand how crossing over causes genetic variation in a population Understand how fertilization causes genetic variation in a population Understand that variations are in the organism’s DNA, they do not come from the environment. Understand how changes in the environment can determine which variations are most beneficial in a population. Understand the three types of natural selection and be able to recognize their graphs Hardy Weinberg/Chi Square (Online tutorials and videos in ‘Evolution Review Folder’ on Moodle) - Know and understand the 5 ways a population would stay at genetic equilibrium - Understand how to calculate population’s allelic and genotypic frequencies using the Hardy-Weinberg equation - Understand how to calculate chi-square value and what that value means Speciation - Understand the different ways that speciation can occur - Understand the types of pre-zygotic reproductive barriers and how they affect speciation - Understand the types of post-zygotic reproductive barriers and how they affect speciation Convergent and Divergent Evolution - Understand the difference between divergent and convergent evolution - Understand the difference between gradualism and punctuated equilibrium - Understand how DNA sequences are used as an indicator of relation between organisms - Understand how amino acid sequences are used as an indicator of relation between organisms - Understand how embryonic development is used as an indicator of relation between organisms - Understand how morphologic/structural homologies are indicators of relation between organisms - Know the difference between homologous and analogous structures and what that means about relationships - What are vestigial structures? - How could you determine if similar structures on two different organisms are homologous or analogous? Phylogeny - Know how to read phylogenetic trees - Know how to identify common ancestors and where speciation occurs in a phylogenetic tree - Know how to read derived, shared characteristics in a phylogenetic tree - Know the difference between extinct and extant organisms Fossil Evidence - Understand the difference between relative dating (superposition) and radiometric dating (absolute) - Understand how half-lives work in radiometric dating. Mutation Genetic equilibrium Sexual selection Allele Genotype Phenotype Natural Selection Artificial Selection Genetic Variation Speciation Population Bottleneck effect Founder effect Genetic Drift Gene flow Heterozygous Homozygous Dominant Homozygous Recessive Extinction Stabilizing Natural Selection Directional Natural Selection Disruptive Natural Selection Crossing over Fertilization Antibiotic resistance Adaptation Pre-Zygotic Barrier Post-Zygotic Barrier Reproductive isolation Homologous structures Analogous structures Vestigial structures Convergent evolution Divergent evolution Phylogeny Morphology Nucleotides Amino Acids Extant Extinct Gradualism Punctuated Equilibrium Hybrid Derived, shared characteristic Phylogenetic Tree Lineage Loci (on a DNA strand) Cladogram Half-Life