Download Y10 Biology Mock Exam Revision Mind Maps – Set 1 ONLY

Y10 Biology Mock Exam
Revision Mind Maps – Set 1 ONLY
Name the three major nutrient
groups and state why we need each
Define metabolic
rate
State three things that affect
metabolic rate:
Why does a person become
malnoushired?
Give two signs of
malnourishment.
BMI = mass in kg
(height in m)2
Underweight <18
Normal 19-24
Overweight 25 - 29
Obese >30
What two nutrients do we
need in small amounts to
maintain good health.
Name three important things in
the body cholesterol is used for.
Name two factors that
influence blood
cholesterol levels.
Explain the link between cholesterol and heart disease.
Name
Mr X
Mass (kg)
70
Height (m)
1.90
BMI
19.4
Miss P
65
1.43
31.8
Mrs Q
54
1.74
17.8
Name a source of:
Saturated fat:
Unsaturated fat:
What are statins and cholesterol blockers used
for? Explain how each works.
.
Drug
Statins
Cholesterol
blockers
How can you change the fat intake in your diet
to reduce cholesterol?
Use the information on the left
to work out the BMI for the
following people. What dietary
and medical advice would you give
to each?
Advantages
Advice
Complete the table to
evaluate the use of statins
and cholesterol blockers for
treating high cholesterol
levels.
Disadvantages
• .
Name the three major nutrient
groups and state why we need each
•Carbohydrate – energy source
•Fat – energy, make hormones,
insulation
•Protein – build new cells
Define metabolic
rate
is the rate at which all
the chemical reactions
in the cells of the body
are carried out.
BMI = mass in kg
(height in m)2
Underweight <18
Normal 19-24
Overweight 25 - 29
Obese >30
What two nutrients do we
need in small amounts to
maintain good health.
Vitamins
Minerals
Name three important things in
the body cholesterol is used for.
Cell membranes
Steroid hormones
Bile
State three things that affect
metabolic rate:
•Activity Levels
•The ratio of fat to muscle in the body
•Genes (inherited factors)
Name two factors that
influence blood
cholesterol levels. Diet
Genes
Explain the link between cholesterol and heart disease.
If you have a high ratio of LDLs to HDLs you have an increased
risk of heart disease.
This encourages cholesterol to be deposited in the walls of
coronary arteries,
Blockage prevents glucose and oxygen reaching the heart muscle
so heart muscle cells cannot respire so die.
What are statins and chloesterol blockers used
for? Explain how each works.
Drugs that lower blood cholesterol.
Statins block enzyme in liver.
Cholesterol blockers reduce dietary absorption.
How can you change the fat intake in your diet
to reduce cholesterol?
Eat less saturated fats and more unsaturated
Why does a person become
malnoushired?
Their diet is not balanced
Give two signs of
malnourishment.
Overweight / underweight
Deficiency disesase
Use the information on the left
to work out the BMI for the
following people. What dietary
and medical advice would you give
to each?
Name
Mr X
Mass (kg)
70
Height (m)
1.90
BMI
19.4
Advice
Healthy
Miss P
65
1.43
31.8
Obese –eat less fat and
sugar; exercise more
Mrs Q
54
1.74
17.8
Underweight – increase
calorie intake
Name a source of:
Saturated fat: Meat, dairy, eggs
Unsaturated fat: olive oil,
peanuts, corn oil, sunflower oil,
oily fish, margarine
Complete the table to
evaluate the use of statins
and cholesterol blockers for
treating high cholesterol
levels.
Drug
Advantages
Disadvantages
Statins
• Can lower cholesterol to
zero
• Good for people with high
cholesterol due to genetics
• Need cholesterol to make
hormones etc
• Potentially fatal side effects
Cholesterol
blockers
• Good for people with high
cholesterol due to diet
• Less side effects than
statins
• Can interact badly with other
drugs.
• Can cause diarrhoea.
What is a pathogen?
.
Explain how vaccination works:
How can the following drugs be
used to treat disease?
Painkillers
Explain how the following make you ill:
Bacteria
Antibiotics
Viruses
What 3 diseases
does MMR vaccine
protect from?
Why can’t antibiotics be used
to kill viruses?
Explain how white blood cells protect
you from disease.
Why is overuse of antibiotics a problem?
Why are antibiotics used in
farming?
How can we reduce this problem?
Explain how antibiotic resistance
develops in bacteria.
What is a mutation?
Why is mutatioin in pathogens
problematic?
What is a sterile culture.
.
Give 2 reasons it is important to keep
cultures sterile. .
What temperature should
we incubate cultures at in
school and why? How does
this compare to industry?
.
List 4 precautions you must take when carrying out
aseptic technique to grow a sterile culture
1.
Outline the experiments carried out by Ignaz
Semmelweiss and explain the contribution of these to
modern medicine.
What is a pathogen?
Microoganism that causes disease.
Explain how the following make you ill:
Bacteria Reproduce rapidly and
produce toxins
Viruses reproduce inside e cells and
damage them
Explain how white blood cells protect
you from disease.
• Ingest pathogens (phagocytosis)
• Produce antibodies – destroy
specific bacteria or viruses
• Produce antitoxins – neutralise
toxins released by pathogens
Explain how antibiotic resistance
develops in bacteria.
Bacteria mutate by chance
Bacteria with mutation not killed by
antibiotic
These cells can survive to reproduce
And pass the gene for resistance to
their offspring – population of
resistant bacteria increases
What is a sterile culture.
Culture of only one type of microorganism.
Give 2 reasons it is important to keep
cultures sterile. .
Other microbes would use up food
resources
Other microbes may produce dangerous
toxins
Explain how vaccination works:
•Small amount of dead or inactive pathogen injected
•Stimulates memory cells to form
•Next time pathogen enters body white blood cells make
antibodies faster and in greater numbers
What 3 diseases
does MMR vaccine
protect from?
Measles
Mumps
Rubella
Why is overuse of antibiotics a problem?
Selects for antibiotic resistant bacteria to survive.
These are hard to treat.
How can we reduce this problem?
Do not use antibiotics for minor infections
Reduce use in agriculture
What is a mutation?
Change in a gene
Why is mutatioin in pathogens
problematic?
Creates new strains that
people have no immunity to or
are resistant to antibiotics
What temperature should
we incubate cultures at in
school and why? How does
this compare to industry?
25oC – to prevent growth of
human pathogens.
Industry higher – faster
growth rate.
How can the following drugs be
used to treat disease?
Painkillers relieve symptoms (don’t
kill pathogen)
Antibiotics Kill bacteria
Why can’t antibiotics be used
to kill viruses?
Viruses replicate inside human
cells so the antibiotic can’t
reach them or would kill the
human cell.
Why are antibiotics used in
farming?
Help animals gain weight – less
energy spent overcoming
infection
Increase profits – prevent
spread of infection
List 4 precautions you must take when carrying out
aseptic technique to grow a sterile cuture
1. Sterilise petri dish and culture medium before use
2. Sterilise innoculating loop by passing through a flame
3. Tape lid to prevent contamination from air
4. Work near a flame
Outline the experiments carried out by Ignaz
Semmelweiss and explain the contribution of these to
modern medicine.
Noted death rates on maternity wards much lower when
midwives delivered compared to doctors - realised
doctors were transferring disease from surgery
Encouraged use of chloride of lime to wash hands and kill
bacteria - Death rates drastically fell
Shows importance of handwashing to prevent spread of
infection
What is the function of the human nervous
system?
Internal
condition
Water
Organs involved in
controlling condition
What is a hormone?
Ion
content
What do the receptor cells in the
following organs respond to?
Eyes:
Ears:
Tongue:
Nose:
Skin:
Why do we control:
Temperature?
Blood glucose?
Hormone
Describe a simple reflex action
FSH
How do oral contraceptives
work?
Site of
production
function
LH
Oestrogen
Explain how plant hormones
can be used as
Weedkiller?
Complete the table to evaluate the using IVF
or the contraceptive pill
Advantages
Contraceptive
pill
IVF
Outline the key concepts behind IVF:
Rooting hormones
Disadvantages
How do auxins control growth
of plant shoots in response
to light or gravity?
Part of
plant
Shoot
Stimulu
s
Light
Gravity
Root
Water
Gravity
Response
What is the function of the human nervous
system?
•To detect changes in the environment
•To co-ordinate and control responses
Internal
condition
Water
Organs involved in
controlling condition
Lungs (breath); Skin
(Sweat); Kidneys (urine)
Ion
content
Skin (sweat)
Kidneys (urine)
What do the receptor cells in the
following organs respond to?
Eyes: light
Ears: sound; changes in position
Tongue: taste
Nose: smell
Skin: touch, temperature, pressure, pain
Describe a simple reflex action
1. Named receptor detecst the stimulus
2.Electircal impulse travels along sensory
neurone to central nervous system
3.Chemicals diffuse across a synapse to
relay neurone
4. Chemicals diffuse across synapse to
motor neurone
5. Impulse reaches effector which responds
by contracting if it is a muscle or secreting
a substance if it is a gland
Complete the table to evaluate the using IVF
or the contraceptive pill
What is a hormone?
•Chemical substance secreted by a gland
•Transported in the blood to a target
cell or organ where it controls body
functions
Why do we control:
Temperature? So enzymes can work
efficiently
Blood glucose? To maintain a constant
supply of energy
Hormone
How do oral contraceptives
work? They contain
oestrogen to stop production
of FSH and progesterone to
maintain uterus lining
FSH
Site of
production
Pituitary
LH
Pituitary
Ovulation
Oestrogen
Ovaries
Inhibits production of
FSH
Explain how plant hormones
can be used as
Weedkiller? Give lots of auxin:
plant grows out of control
Rooting hormones Give a little
auxin – stimulates roots
Advantages
Disadvantages
Contraceptive
pill
99% effective
Easy to take
Side effects
Can forget
IVF
Allow people to
have children
Uses own
sperm and eggs
Multiple births
Expensive
Painful
Low success
rate
How do auxins control growth
of plant shoots in response
to light or gravity?
Stimulus causes auxin to
distribute unevenly - build
up on side away from light /
nearest gravity
Side with more auxin grows
more
Plant bends
function
Maturation of egg;
Release of oestrogen
Outline the key concepts behind IVF:
•Mother given FSH to stimulate several
eggs to mature and LH to stimulate eggs to
be released
•Eggs collected from mother and fertilised
by father’s sperm in a petri dish
•Embryo implanted into womb
Part of
plant
Shoot
Stimulu
s
Light
Gravity
Response
Positive phototropism
Negative geotropism
Root
Water
Gravity
Positive hydrotropism
Positive geotropism
What would the placebo be if the real
drug was:
A tablet?
An injection?
What is a drug?
What is meant by
A blind trial?
Double blind trial?
What does phase one drug testing
involve and why is it necessary?
What is the advantage of blind
trials?
What is involved in phase two drugs
testing?
What was Thalidomide
originally developed as?
Why did the use of Thalidomide cause controversy?
What is it now used to treat?
Why is the overall impact of
legal drugs on society greater
than illegal drugs?
What is drug addiction? Name a very addictive
drug.?
What are withdrawal symptoms? Give an
example.
Complete the table to
evaluate the use of cannabis
Advantages
Disadvantages
Give a negative effecs on
the body of
Smoking
Why might an athlete take the following?
• Anabolic steroid
• Stimulants
• Analgesics
Drinking alcohol
• Stimulants
What would the placebo be if the real
drug was:
A tablet? Sugar pill
An injection? Saline injection
What is a drug?
Chemical that alters the way the body
works.
What does phase one drug testing
involve and why is it necessary?
Test drug on cells, tissues or animals
Safety testing - check for toxicity and
interaction with other drugs.
What is involved in phase two drugs
testing?
Drug tested on healty volunteers
Start with low dose – gradually
increased until effective dose found
Why is the overall impact of
legal drugs on society greater
than illegal drugs?
More people use legal drugs
Complete the table to
evaluate the use of cannabis
What is meant by
A blind trial? Patients do not now who
gets drug and who gets placebo
Double blind trial? Neither doctor nor
patient knows who gets drug or
placebo
What is the advantage of blind
trials?
Avoid bias
What was Thalidomide
originally developed as?
Sleeping Pill
What is it now used to treat?
Leprosy
Some types of cancer
Why did the use of Thalidomide cause controversy?
Found to relieve morning sickness but had not been
tested on pregnant animals – babies born with severe
limb abnormalities.
What are withdrawal symptoms? Give an
example.
Unpleaseant side effects experienced
when you stop taking an addictive drug.
Eg. Tremors, palpitations, sweating,
headaches etc
Advantages
Disadvantages
Can be medicinal:
glaucoma / MS /
Cancer
Strong evidence
suggesting causes mental
illness
Relaxant
Expensive
May lead to use of more
dangerous drugs
Give a negative effecs on
the body of
Smoking Lung cancer /
Low birth weight / Heart
disease / Emphysema etc
Drinking alcohol Liver
cancer / cirrhosis etc
What is drug addiction? Name a very addictive
drug.?
When your body becomes dependent on a drug
due to frequent use– durg alters body
chemistry so badly that you cannot function
normally without it.
Eg, heroin, cocaine
Why might an althlete take the following?
• Anabolic steroid increase muscle mass
• Stimulants Liver cancer / cirrhosis etc
• Analgesics relive pain
• Stimulants make reactions faster
Label the adaptations of the polar bear and
explain how they help with survival:
What do the following compete for?
Animals
Plants:
Name three adaptations of prey that deter
predators.
Bacteria can be adapted to survive
in extreme conditions. Explain how
How can human activity affect the
distribution of organisms?
What is an extremophile?
Explain how climate change may lead to
a short-haired arctic fox being more
likely to survive than a long haired one.
Name the three pieces of equipment and state
what they measure
How is the cactus adapted to survive in
the desert?
How can the following living
organisms be used as pollution
indicators?
Lichens
Aquatic invertebrates
Label the adaptations of the fennec
(desert fox) and explain how they help
with survival:
What is a pollution indicator?
.
How are desert animals
adapted to cope with very
cold nights?
Many factors can cause environmental change. Give an example of
A living factor
A non-living factor
Label the adaptations of the polar bear and
explain how they help with survival:
•Small surface area to volume ratio –
minimizes heat loss
•Small ears / nose
•Thick fur – insulation
•Thick layer of body fat – insulation
•Waterproof fur – reduce heat loss from
evaporation when wet
•White - camouflage
Name three adaptations of prey that deter
predators.
Thorns / poisons / warning colours
Bacteria can be adapted to survive
in extreme conditions. Explain how
Tolerate: High salt concentration
High temperature
High pressure
How can the following living
organisms be used as pollution
indicators?
Lichens Monitor air pollution: higher
population = better quality air (less
SO2)
Aquatic invertebrates monitor
water pollution – concentration of
dissolved oxygen: ceratin species
can tolerate very low O2
What is an extremophile?
A microorganism that is
adapted to live in extreme
conditions.
What do the following compete for?
Animals: food, mates, territory
Plants: light, space, water and nutrients
from soil
How can human activity affect the
distribution of organisms?
•Destroy an animal’s food source or
habitat – building, chemicals, farming
•Introduction of new competing species
•Global warming
Name the three pieces of equipment and state
what they measure
maximum-minimum thermometer – temperature
Rainfall gauge – rainfall in set time period
What is a pollution indicator?
Living organism that shows the level of pollution
in an area through changes in it’s distribution or
abundance.
How are desert animals
adapted to cope with very
cold nights? Burrows insulation
Label the adaptations of the fennec
(desert fox) and explain how they help
with survival:
•large surface area to volume ratio –
increases heat loss
•Large ears - more heat loss
•thin fur – increase heat loss
•Sandy colour - camouflage
Explain how climate change may lead to
a short-haired arctic fox being more
likely to survive than a long hairde one.
Temperature is increasing
Short haired fox able to lose heat
better so less likely to overheat
Short haired fox more likely to survive
and pass genes on
How is the cactus adapted to survive in
the desert?
•roots widespread– collect water from a
large area
•Roots deep – collect water because
surface likely to dry out quickly
•No leaves – reduce surface area from
which water can be lost
•Stem able to swell – store water
Many factors can cause environmental change. Give an example of
A living factor New competitor eg grey squirrel
A non-living factor Change in temperature or rainfall
Draw a pyramid of biomass using
the following information.
Gazelles are eaten by lions.
Gazelles eat grass.
Describe the energy transfer that
takes place during photosynthesis.
What is a ‘producer’? Give 2
groups of organisms that are
producers.
What is the original
source of energy for
most food chains?
Why are heat losses greater in birds and mammals
than in reptiles and insects?
Why does the amount of biomass
decrease at each stage of a food
chain?.
Energy is ‘lost’ to the
surroundings along a food chain.
Explain how.
Name two groups of organism that
break down dead organic matter.
What conditions
increase the
speed of decay?
What is the importance of the
decay process?
Explain how the material in a fox is
returned to the environment to be used
by plants.
How does carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere become part of a
plant or alga’s biomass?
How does carbon in a plant become part of an
animal’s biomass?
.
How can humans affect the natural
balance of the carbon cycle?
Draw a pyramid of biomass using
the following information.
Gazelles are eaten by lions.
Gazelles eat grass.
•1 mark shape
•1 mark labels
Describe the energy transfer that
takes place during photosynthesis.
Light energy from sun converted to
chemical energy in plant / algal
cells
What is a ‘producer’? Give 2
groups of organisms that are
producers.
•Organism that makes its own
food
•Green plants
•Algae
What is the original
source of energy for
most food chains?
The sun
Why are heat losses greater in birds and mammals
than in reptiles and insects?
Birds and mammals are warm blooded so have greater
respiratory rates to release heat to keep them warm.
Reptiles and insects are cold blooded so keep warm by
basking in the sun.
Why does the amount of biomass
decrease at each stage of a food
chain?.
• CO2 is lost in respiration
• Parts of an organism may be inedible
• Biomass is lost in faeces and urine
• Some organisms die and are eaten by
microbes instead
Explain how the material in a fox is
returned to the environment to be used
by plants.
• Fox respires – releases CO2 for use
in photosynthesis
• Fox dies – broken down by
microoganisms and detrivores
• Decomposers respire to release CO2
for use in photosynthesis
• Nutrients also released into the soil
– absorbed by plant roots
Energy is ‘lost’ to the
surroundings along a food chain.
Explain how.
• Heat energy released in
respiration
• Faeces and urine
• Used in repair processes
• Organism dies and energy
passes to microbes
• Used in movement
How does carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere become part of a
plant or alga’s biomass?
Photosynthesis converts it into
glucose which can then be
turned into other
carbohydrates, fats and
proteins
Name two groups of organism that
break down dead organic matter.
•Microorganisms
•Detrivores
What is the importance of the
decay process?
Allows nutrient to be recycled –
releases substances that plants
need to grow.
What conditions
increase the
speed of decay?
Warm
Moist
Aerobic
How does carbon in a plant become part of an
animal’s biomass?
Animals eat the plants – carbon becomes part of
fats and proteins.
How can humans affect the natural
balance of the carbon cycle?
Combustion of fossil fuels releases CO2
Define variation:
Give a definition for sexual
reproduction.
What two factors can affect the
characteristics of an organism?
What is the scientific
name for an organism
produced by asexual
reproduction?
What is a mutation?.
What is a gene?
Why do plants and animals share
characteristics with their parents?
Complete the
table below.
Why do organisms produced by sexual reproduction
show greater variation than those formed by asexual
reproduction?
Sexual
reproduction
Asexual
reproduction
Number of parents
Describe two ways in which
you can clone a plant.
Is there mixing of genes?
Are gametes involved?
Put the following words in order from
smallest to larges to describe how
genetic material is organised.
Chromosome, Nucleus, Cell, Gene
Increases variation?
How was dolly the sheep created by adult cell
cloning?
Describe how you would use a plant to
produce human growth hormone.
Explain how an embryo transplant can be
used to clone a cow.
Why are some people opposed to the genetic
modification of organisms?
Why is an organism produced by adult
cell cloning considered a clone?
List some reasons for genitcally
modifying a plant..
Define variation:
Differences between living
organisms.
Give a definition for sexual
reproduction.
•Fusion of male and female
gametes
What two factors can affect the
characteristics of an organism?
Genes
Environment
What is a mutation?.
A change in DNA.
What is a gene?
A section of DNA that controls
the characteristic of an
organism.
Why do plants and animals share
characteristics with their parents?
They inherit genes passed on when
their parent’s gametes fuse.
Put the following words in order from
smallest to larges to describe how
genetic material is organised.
Chromosome, Nucleus, Cell, Gene
Gene -> Chromosome - > Nucleus -> Cell
Explain how an embryo transplant can be
used to clone a cow.
Cells are taken from a growing embryo
before they become specialised
Each cell transplanted into a surrogate
mother
Why is an organism produced by adult
cell cloning considered a clone?
Has genetic information from one
parent only.
Complete the
table below.
What is the scientific
name for an organism
produced by asexual
reproduction?
Clone
Why do organisms produced by sexual reproduction
show greater variation than those formed by asexual
reproduction?
Sexual reproduction involves the mixing of genes from
two parents; asexual genes are inherited from one
parent only
Sexual
reproduction
Asexual
reproduction
Number of parents
2
1
Is there mixing of genes?
Yes
No
Are gametes involved?
Yes
No
Increases variation?
Yes
No
How was dolly the sheep created by adult cell
cloning?
• Nucleus removed from unfertilised egg cell
• Nucleus from an adult body cell inserted
into unfertilised egg cell
• Electric shock given to stimulate the cell to
divide.
• Ball of cells implanted into surrogate
Why are some people opposed to the genetic
modification of organisms?
• Damage to modified organism
• May lead to a smaller gene pool
• May upset natural balance of the
ecosystem.
• May harm the health of humans who eat
GM organisms
Describe two ways in which
you can clone a plant.
Cuttings: cut leaf from adult
plant bud, dip in rooting
powder and plant in compost
Tissue culture: take a small
group of cells form an adult
plant and grow on sterile agar
Describe how you would use a plant to
produce human growth hormone.
Enzymes used to cut gene out of human
chromosome
Other enzymes used to insert gene into
plant chromosome
Plant cell divides and makes hormone
List some reasons for genitcally
modifying a plant..
Herbicide resistant
Insect resistant
Produce novel protein
Increase yield