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Life is based on Organic Chemistry 1. What element in the periodic table are Organic chemistry iselements carbon 2. What are the other five that organic molecules based?contain? chemistry organic molecules usually No, because it doesn’t contain 3. Is water ancarbon. organic molecule? Sense-able Smells Learning the language of organic chemistry through molecules in your everyday life 4. What is our Olfactory system? Olfactory System A part of the nervous system that interacts with substances from the environment that Does our brain directly or What isthe the purpose of the produces sense of smell. indirectly interact with the olfactory receptors? odors we smell? Our Sense of Smell How is it used? To find food To avoid becoming food! To determine if food is safe to eat To identify dangerous environments Finding a mate To locate and identify offspring To mark boundries or to identify a way back “home” To alert or warn others (think skunks, stink bugs, etc) To deceive or lure others? Other uses?.... 2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Our Sense of Smell Linda Buck Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle, WA, USA Richard Axel Columbia University New York, NY, USA “ for their discoveries in odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system” "Press Release: The 2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine". Nobelprize.org. 4 Jul 2010 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2004/press.html Are you hypersensitive to common odors or fragrances? While these odors are considered pleasant and safe, there are many people who suffer severe irritation even from the most common and mild odors/aromas. If you are one of these individuals, you should not participate in this activity. Before you begin….…….. For each sample, first try wafting, because some odors are stronger than others. If you still can’t smell anything after a few seconds, bring the sample closer to your nose. = powerful smells, make sure to waft first. Part I. Aldehydes Part A. Fill out this table as you go about wafting the odors from the three samples Molecular Structure Odor 1 Odor 2 Odor 3 Description and association of odor Odor identification Aldehydes Part B. Compare and Contrast: Odor 1 Odor 2 Odor 3 All aldehydes seem to have this in common: Molecule 4 The Aldehyde Odors Odor 1 Odor 2 Odor 3 Almonds Vanilla Cinnamon or Cherries Part II. Esters Part A. Fill out this table as you go about wafting the odors from the three samples Molecular Structure Odor 4 Odor 5 Odor 6 Description and association of odor Odor identification Esters Part B. Compare and Contrast again Odor 4 Odor 5 All esters seem to have this in common: Odor 6 Esters Part B. 1. How many carbon and hydrogen atoms do you see in the short-hand version of Odor 4? one C atom and two H atoms 2. How many carbon and hydrogen atoms do you see in the full atom version? eight C atoms and nine H atoms 3. In comparing the short hand and full atom version, what does the number 3 on the H3 , or 2 on the H2 refer to in the short-hand version? Indicates the amount of attached hydrogen atoms Esters Part B. Slide 2 4. Oxygen(O) and Nitrogen(N) atoms are easy to spot since they are always shown in both the short-hand and full atom versions. How many oxygen and nitrogen atoms are in Odor 4? ____O atoms____N atoms? two O atoms, one N atom Compare the two versions of Odor 5 then answer these related questions: 5. Using the Full atom version circle the parts on it that are visible in the short hand version. 6. Using the short-hand version, fill in the missing atoms on it that are shown in the full atom version. Esters Part B. slide 3 7. Describe and illustrate how you think the missing carbon atoms are represented in the short-hand version: The missing carbon atoms are located at the points where lines meet( a vertex). Now look at the Odor 6 molecule (shown below). Draw in the symbol for carbon for the missing carbons atoms on the molecule. 8. How many carbon atoms are in odor 6 total? seven C atoms The Ester Odors Odor 4 Grape (Concord) Odor 5 Pineapple Odor 6 Banana Part III. Alcohols and Phenols Part A. Fill out this table as you go about wafting the odors from the three samples Molecular Structure Odor 7 Odor 8 Odor 9 Description and association of odor Odor identification Alcohols Part B. Compare and Contrast Odor 7 Odor 8 Alcohols and Phenols seem to have this in common: Odor 9 Alcohols Part B. 1. Did any of the odors smell similar to you? Which ones? Odor 7 Odor 8 Odor 9 2. If you look at the molecular structure of the odors that smelled similar, can you provide a reason as to why they smelled so similar, if you thought they did? Odors 8 and 9, have similar molecular shapes and maybe interact with our odorant receptors in similar ways. Alcohols Part B. slide 2 The short-hand and full atom version of Odor 7 is shown below. Answer the following questions relating to the structures. 1. No matter which carbon atom you look at in the Full atom version, how many lines are Always four lines. connected to it? 2. If the letters (C, H ,O and N) in any molecule you have smelled today, represent atoms in a molecule, what might the lines connecting the letters represent? They represent the chemical bonds between atoms in a molecule. Alcohols Part B. slide 3 Shown below are two short-hand versions of Odor 7, the one on the right includes all of the hydrogen atoms. Look at the arrows pointing at two different carbon atoms in the representation on the left. Now observe in the representation on the right that each of those carbon atoms has a different amount of hydrogen atoms bonded to it. Look for a pattern and provide a reason why you think this happens. Hint: Question 3 provides a strong clue…… Hypothesis: Each vertex needs four lines. If there are less than four lines at a vertex, then lines with an ‘H’ are added until the vertex has a total of four lines. Each carbon atom needs four bonds. If there are less than four bonds at a carbon atom, then hydrogens are added until the carbon atoms has four bonds. Alcohols Odor 7 Lime Odor 8 Oregano Odor 9 Thyme Part IV. Terpenes Part A. Fill out this table as you go about wafting the odors from the three samples Molecular Structure Odor 10 Odor 11 Odor 12 Description and association of odor Odor identification Terpenes Part B. Compare and Contrast Odor 10 Odor 11 All terpenes seem to have this in common: Odor 12 Terpenes Part B. slide 2 1. What fruit type are these odors from? Citrus fruits 2. There was another odor you smelled previously that is also from this fruit type, what odor number was it? Odor 7 3. Do the molecules associated with the odors from this fruit type look Not really… like they would smell similar? Odor 10 4. Odor 11 Odor 12 Odor 7 So why do these odors have a characteristic citrus smell? Hint: think about what we learned from Odor 3….. You will find out during the odor identification… Terpenes Part B. slide 3 5. Very often, a molecule can be considered to be part of many families because they have more than one functional group. Odor 11 is a good example of this situation. Look at odor 11 again (shown below, but just rotated) and circle the functional group that makes it a part of another family of molecules you have previously identified. Write the name of the family next to odor 11. Aldehydes Odor 1 Odor 2 Odor 3 Terpenes Part B. slide 4 6. For Odor 12(shown below), first find all the carbon atoms by circling them. Then using what you have learned from the Alcohols sections, draw in hydrogen atoms on all carbons that need them. First, how many lines do you see at the carbon atoms? Odor 12 Circle all carbon atoms here Add in necessary hydrogen atoms here The Terpene Odors Odor 10 Orange Odor 11 Lemon Odor 12 Grapefruit Why do citrus fruits have similar smells? Circle all carbon atoms here It is because of the orange odor! Part V. Ketones Part A. Fill out this table as you go about wafting the odors from the three samples Molecular Structure Odor 13 Odor 14 Odor 15 Description and association of odor Odor identification Ketones Part B. Compare and Contrast Odor 13 Odor 14 All ketones seem to have this in common: Odor 15 Ketones Part B. 1. Circle all of the carbon atoms in Odor 13 Odor 13 2. How many carbon atoms does it have? 3. How many oxygen atoms does it have? ten C atoms two O atoms 4. How many hydrogen atoms does it have? 12 H atoms Ketones Part B. slide 3 5. Draw the full-atom version of odor 13 in the box below Full atom version of Odor 13 Ketones Part B. slide 4 6. Circle in all of the carbon atoms in odor 14 shown below on the left. Then determine which carbon atoms need hydrogen atoms and draw them in on the structure on the right. Ketones Odor 15 Odor 13 Peppermint Odor 14 Spearmint Raspberry