Download Classification of dietary supplement

Dietary
supplements
A
dietary supplement ( also known as
food
supplement
or
nutritional
supplement )
 It is a preparation intended to supplement
the diet and provide nutrients, (such as
vitamins, minerals, fiber, fatty acids, or
amino acids) that may be missing or may
not be consumed in sufficient quantities in a
person's diet.
 They should not be considered a substitute
for food
Includes:
 Vitamins
 Minerals
 Herbs or other botanical (excluding tobacco)
 Amino acids
 Concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract, or
combination of any of the above
Furthermore, it must also conform to the following
criteria:
 Intended for ingestion in pill, capsule, tablet, powder
or liquid form
 Not represented for use as a conventional food or as
the sole item of a meal or diet
 People
take supplements for all kinds of
reasons, usually relating to their health.
 They hope these will limit the signs of
ageing, extend life, cut the risk of chronic
disease such as cancer and treat specific
diseases such as arthritis
 women are more likely than men to take
supplements
 older people and people in poorer health are
also more likely to take them
Classification of dietary supplement
1) Vitamin supplements
2) Weight-loss supplements
3) Supplements for colds
4) The ageing supplements
5) Fish oils
6) Body building
1) Vitamin supplements
Who needs vitamin supplements?
 People at risk of vitamins deficiencies
 all pregnant and breastfeeding women should take
vitamin D supplements
 women in the first 12 weeks of their pregnancy are
recommended to take folic acid supplements, which
reduce their child’s risk of neural tube defects.
 Pregnant are recommended to take Iron supplements.
 people aged 65 and over should take vitamin D.
 people who are not exposed to much sun should take
vitamin D supplements
 all children aged six months to five years should be given
a supplement containing vitamins A, C and D
2) Weight-loss supplements

Are weight-loss pills safe? Company ? Ingredient ?
Side effects ? Herbal????
3) Supplements for colds
Vitamin C and Zinc
 The recommended daily need of vitamin C is 80mg
and most people will achieve this by eating.
 Regular vitamin C may slightly reduce the length of
a cold in some people.
 vitamin C and Zinc reduces the duration of the cold
and protects people against catching colds.

4) The ageing supplements
 Garlic
 Ginkgo
biloba
 Ginseng
 Glucosamine
GARLIC (ALLIUM SATIVUM)
CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS
 reduce cholesterol biosynthesis
 antiplatelet effects
 antioxidant effects (e.g., increased resistance to lowdensity lipoprotein oxidation) and reductions in total
cholesterol may be beneficial in patients with
atherosclerosis.
 Garlic enhance blood vessel elasticity and decrease
blood pressure (Proposed mechanisms include
opening of potassium channels in vascular smooth
muscle, and inhibition of angiotensin-converting
enzyme).
ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTS
 activity against bacteria, fungi, protozoa and certain viruses.
inhibition of thiol-containing enzymes needed by these
microbes.
ANTINEOPLASTIC EFFECTS
 high garlic consumption have a reduced incidence of stomach
cancer.
Adverse Effects
 nausea (6%), hypotension (1.3%). Breath odor (20–40%) at
recommended doses using enteric-coated formulations.
Drug Interactions & Precautions
 patients using anticlotting medications (e.g., warfarin) should
use garlic cautiously.
Dosage
 A daily dose of 600–900 mg/d of powdered garlic is most
common. This is equivalent to one clove of raw garlic (2–4 g)
per day.
GINKGO BILOBA
CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS
 Increase blood flow and reduce blood viscosity, enhancing
tissue perfusion. Also Antioxidant effect.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS
 Increased serum levels of acetylcholine. Reversible inhibition
of monoamine (MAO) A and B, and enhanced GABA levels.
 Ginkgo is used to treat dementia of the Alzheimer type.
Adverse Effects
 may include nausea, headache, stomach upset, diarrhea,
Drug Interactions & Precautions
 Ginkgo may have antiplatelet properties. caution when used
in combination with antiplatelet or anticoagulant medications.
Dosage
 The daily dose ranges from 120–240 mg of the dried extract
in two or three divided doses. Onset of effect may require 2–4
weeks.
GINSENG
modulation of immunity, energizing, mind-enhancing,
antioxidant,
anti-inflammatory,
antistress,
analgesia,
vasoregulatory, antiplatelet, improved glucose homeostasis, and
anticancer properties.
Clinical Trials
 improve physical and mental performance.
Adverse Effects
 Weak estrogenic properties -- vaginal bleeding. Central nervous
system stimulation (e.g., insomnia, nervousness) and
hypertension have been reported in patients using high doses.
Drug Interactions & Precautions
 Irritability, sleeplessness, and manic behavior have been
reported with (phenelzine, lithium, neuroleptics). Ginseng has
antiplatelet properties and should not be used in combination
with warfarin.
Dosing
 200 mg of ginseng extract is equivalent to 1 g of the crude root.

GLUCOSAMINE
found in human tissue, helps in production of articular cartilage. As a
dietary supplement, is primarily used for osteoarthritis pain.
Pharmacologic Effects & Clinical Uses
 In osteoarthritis, the rate of production of new cartilage is exceeded
by the rate of degradation. glucosamine is thought to increase the
supply of the necessary glycosaminoglycan building blocks, leading
to better maintenance and strengthening of existing cartilage.
Resulting in improvements of mobility and strength in patients joints.
Adverse Effects
 well tolerated. mild diarrhea and nausea were occasionally reported.
Drug Interactions & Precautions
 There are no known drug interactions with glucosamine.
Dosage
 The dosage used is 500 mg three times daily or 1500 mg once daily.
improvements observed after 1–2 months.

5) Fish oils
Fish oils for adults and children
Key points about fish oils
 The omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oils are
important for good health and cannot be made by the
body – they must be obtained from the diet (Eat two
portions of fish a week).
 used by people who have already had a heart attack.
For such people, consumption of two to four portions
of oily fish per week is ideal, though omega-3 may
be recommended as a supplement.
 There is no evidence that fish oils improve
brainpower or memory in adults or children.

6) Body building
Do the products work and are they safe?
 The risks of protein supplements
Key points about body-building supplements
 The recommended daily protein intake is 55.5g for
men and 45g for women and we can get this from our
diet. In fact, most of us easily exceed this every day.
 Too much protein can carry some risks, and heavy
metals in some supplements are of concern.
 Some body-building supplements contain illegal
anabolic steroids not declared on the label.

Nutrient
Some Risks Associated
supplementation
Calcium
Can cause constipation; increased risk of Dairy products, broccoli
urinary stone formation in some people
Can mask vitamin B12 deficiency
Spinach, citrus fruits, beans
Folic acid
with
Over Found in These Foods*
Iron
Accidental overdoses have caused poisoning
in children
Vitamin A Can cause birth defects, severe liver damage
and diarrhea in high doses
Vitamin D In very high doses, can result in anorexia,
weight loss, polyuria, heart arrhythmias,
and damage to the heart, blood vessels and
kidneys
Meats, beans, spinach, wholewheat bread
Cheese, eggs, sweet potatoes,
carrots, spinach
Egg yolks; fortified foods such
as milk and cereals
Vitamin C Can cause diarrhea, nausea, cramps
Citrus
fruits,
tomatoes,
potatoes, red and green
peppers,
kiwi,
broccoli,
strawberries
Zinc
Can impair immune response and reduce red meat, beans, nuts, dairy
copper absorption
products
Supplement
Indications
Antioxidants
General Health
Vitamin A (beta
carotene), Vitamin
C (ascorbic acid),
Vitamin E
Calcium
Osteoporosis
Chondroitin
Osteoarthritis
Folate (Folic acid)
Prenatal Care
Garlic
Cardiovascular
Health
Memory
Enhancement
Ginkgo
Ginkgo biloba
Ginseng
Glucosamine
Contraindications
Vitamin A: Pregnancy and liver disease.
Hypercalcemia, renal insufficiency, hyperparathyroidism,
hypothyroidism,
hypervitaminosis D.
Pregnancy and nursing. Should not be used by
children.
Vitamin B12 deficiency.
Pregnancy and nursing HIV/AIDS, peptic
ulcers
Pregnancy and nursing.
Hematologic
disorders, epilepsy. Should not be used by
women trying to become pregnant, Diabetes.
Diabetes, Immune Hematologic disorders, cardiovascular disease,
Function
pregnancy, psychological imbalance.
Osteoarthritis
Diabetes, pregnancy
Important Dietary Guidelines
Tyramine-rich foods (important to avoid with MAO inhibitors,
some antihypertensive)
 Aged cheese , Bananas ,Chocolate, Liver
Potassium-rich foods (important to eat with potassiumwasting diuretics)
 Dried fruit , Sunflower seeds , Bananas , Grapefruit , Oranges ,
Tomatoes , Broccoli , Peaches , Nuts , Potatoes , Spinach
Calcium-rich foods (important after menopause, in children, in
hypocalcemic states)
 Broccoli , Dairy products , Spinach , Canned salmon
Urine acidifiers (important in maintaining excretion of some
drugs)
 Cheese , Eggs , Grains , Red meat , Fish
Urine alkalinizes (important in maintaining
excretion of some drugs)
 Apples , Citrus , fruit Milk , Vegetables
Iron-rich foods (important in maintaining RBCs)
 Dried beans , Dried fruit , Organ meats (liver' heart,
kidney) , Cereals, vegetables
Low-sodium foods (important in CHF, hypertension,
fluid overload)
 Egg yolks , Honey , Fresh fruit , Potatoes , Fresh
vegetables , beans
High sodium foods (important to avoid in CHF,
hypertension, fluid overload)
 Canned soup , Butter , Tomato , ketchup , Buttermilk,
Canned seafood , Sauces