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English Grammar Parts of Speech Nine Parts of Speech articles Nouns Interjections Adjectives Conjunctions Word that names A Person (Proper) A Place (Proper) A Thing (Common) An Idea, feeling (Abstract) A collection of things (collective) A combination of two things (compound) Kinds of Nouns Proper, common, abstract, collective, compound Common Nouns boy girl Singular Nouns boy girl Singular Possessive boy’s woman’s girl’s child’s Proper Nouns John Mary Plural Nouns boys girls Plural Possessive boys’ children’s girls’ women’s Do this exercise. Identify the nouns in each sentence. Say what type they are. 1. Every time I do my homework the teacher forgets to check my work. 2. There is a moment in everyone’s life when the world suddenly becomes brighter and more interesting. Elderly people should be given concessions when they travel by public transport. Mary fetched her mother in Cape Town . Some clues You can identify a noun (and pronoun) if it is preceded by a, the, a preposition (to, by, with) a possessive adjective (his, their, her) Common endings for nouns: -ness,- tion, -y, -ment, -eity, -er, trix, tive, ory, Make nouns from the following words dominate domination confess confession referee Referee / reference excite excitement happy happiness correct correction deliberate Deliberation. Identify all the nouns and say what type they are Now do these A word that expresses action or expresses a state of being Action Verb of doing Verbs of being Every sentence must have a Kinds of Verbs Action verbs express mental or physical action. He rode the horse to victory. ‘Verbs to be’ make a statement by connecting the subject with a word that describes or explains it. He is Dutch. REMEMBER!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Am, is , are, were, was, have been, will be , WHEN THEY ARE ALONE,ARE ALL FINITE VERBS SUBJECTS TO FIND A SUBJECT ASK “WHO” OR “WHAT” BEFORE THE VERB. JOHN RODE HIS BICYCLE “WHO” OR “WHAT” RODE THE BICYCLE? ANSWER = JOHN JOHN IS THE SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE He, she, I, who, they, we, are always subjects THE FINITE VERB THE FINITE VERB MUST HAVE: A SUBJECT NUMBER (SINGULAR OR PLURAL) TENSE (PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE) Do this exercise: Give all the finite verbs 1. Although I love apples, they are bad for me because they hurt my teeth. 2. It is always difficult to keep an eye on naughty children because they move from one place to another. 3. Mary knew that if she was a good student she would earn a chocolate. NON FINITE VERBS THESE ARE THE ONLY NON FINITE VERBS: To jump, to walk Mary wanted to walk to town Walking, jumping, Singing is fun Exercise: Box all the finite verbs Circle all non finite verbs The animal I really dig Above all others is the pig. Pigs are noble. Pigs are clever, Pigs are courteous. However, Now and then, to break this rule, One meets a pig who is a fool. What, for example, would you say If strolling through the woods one day, Right there in front of you you saw A pig who'd built his house of STRAW? The Wolf who saw it licked his lips, And said, `That pig has had his chips.‘ Had built `Little pig, little pig, let me come in!' `No, no, by the hairs on my chinny-chinchIn!' ` Then I'll huff and I'll puff and I'll blow your house in!' I will huff TRANS MEANS OVER OR ACROSS A TRANSITIVE VERB IS WHERE THE ACTION IS CARRIED OVER TO AN OBJECT JOHN RODE THE BICYCLE JOHN RODE “WHO” OR “WHAT” ? ANSWER = THE BICYCLE THE BICYCLE IS THE OBJECT OF THE SENTENCE Do not take an object. He schemes. The ‘verb to be’ is always intransitive (am, is, was, were, will be ) He is a schemer COMPLEMENT: COMPLETES THE VERB I AM HERE TO HELP YOU Auxiliary verbs help to form the main verb. They give the TENSE TO THE VERB. May, might, should, could, will, shall, have, had, can, could have, should have Superham might have helped us if he had been quick enough The pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns. It may stand for a person, place, thing, or idea. Indefinite Pronouns Anybody Each everyone none someone, one, etc. Relative Pronouns That, who, which Remember Everyone, no one, someone, somebody, everybody are always SINGULAR: Everyone dislikes a robber. No one is able to defend a robber. Everyone should do his or her duty to catch a robber. Identify the pronouns in these sentences This road is Anyone who calls on me, may ask anything of me not yours! Everyone can ride here Someone throw the ball to her Who can give me a lift home? Qualifies or describes a noun or pronoun. Did you lose your address book? Is that a wool sweater? Just give me five minutes. Answers these questions: Supply a suitable adjective for the following The cop is …………. The ………….goddess walked His …………eyes were glued to the television The………clown put on a merry face Modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Answers the questions: He ran quickly. She left yesterday. We went there. It was too hot! To what degree or how much? IDENTIFY THE ADVERBS 1. She knew yesterday that he was very ill and would soon be taken there for treatment to recover quickly. 2. I always go the shop enthusiastically because I definitely know that I will be able to buy very good bargains. A preposition introduces a noun or pronoun or a phrase or clause functioning in the sentence as a noun. The word or word group that the preposition introduces is its object. They received a postcard from Bobby telling about his trip to Canada. The preposition never stands alone! object of preposition preposition object You can press those leaves under glass. can have more than one object Her telegram to Nina and Ralph brought good news. object can have modifiers It happened during the last examination. Some Common Prepositions aboard about above across after against along among around at before behind below beneath beside between beyond by down during except for from in into like of off on over past since through throughout to toward under underneath until up upon with within without The conjunction A conjunction is a word that joins words or groups of words. or but TYPES OF CONJUNCTIONS Co-ordinating, conjunctions The relative pronoun used as a conjunction Sub-ordinating Conjunctions Co-ordinating conjunctions And, but, yet, or, nor The happy and rich man danced and he raised a glass of champagne. Joins two things that are alike. Subordinating conjunctions if, when, though, although, then, after, because, so that, even, unless The clown will fall because he is not in a stable position. Links two clauses of unequal status Identify the conjunctions The animal that I really dig above all others is the pig, because pigs are noble and pigs are clever. Pigs are courteous when they are happy but not when they are sad. Now and then, to break this rule, one meets a pig who is a fool. If strolling through the woods one day, right there in front of you you saw a pig who'd built his house of straw? The interjection is an exclamatory word that expresses emotion Goodness! What a cute baby! Wow! Look at that sunset! EXERCISES VCLEARN : LEARNING UNITS •Activity 3.2.1: Parts of speech round robin. •Activity 3.2.2: Parts of speech exercises Chapter 1-9 in Essential English Grammar by Suppiah.