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European Exploration— Motivations, Reasons and Effects motivations 1. Desire for wealth and power. (Gold) European explorers hoped to find riches in distant countries and to discover a sea route to Asia. Search for spices (nutmeg, ginger, cloves, cinnamon, pepper, etc.) and luxury goods (silk, gold, silver, jewels, ivory, porcelains, tea, etc.) from Africa and the East. motivations 2. Religious aims (God) Europeans hoped to spread Christianity to people throughout the world and to drive Muslims out of other lands. motivations 3. Renaissance spirit. (Glory) Europeans adventurers wanted to test the limits of human ability and to explore the unknown. Discover far away places and settle in the new lands. Reasons Improvements in technology. Europeans began to build stronger, faster sailing ships (caravel, a ship with two sails one each for running with the wind and for sailing into the wind.) The hull design was improved and could ride out ocean storms. They could also put canons on the decks of these ships). Reasons Improvements in technology. They developed better navigational instruments (astrolabe, could tell north and south (Latitude) of the equator by the position of the stars magnetic compass, told direction accurately) more accurate maps with the discovery of how to find the longitude.. Reasons • Sailors learned more about geography (longitude, latitude, new places, etc.) and improved navigation. Early exploration • The Portuguese built plantations and trading posts in West Africa and many made Africa their home. • Prince Henry of Portugal organized a school for navigation at Sagres, Portugal and taught navigators how to develop and apply the new sailing innovations. • The Portuguese discovered a sea route to India. • Bartholomew Diaz traveled to the Cape of Good Hope at the tip of Africa. (1488) • Columbus was the first European to reach the Americas. (1492) • Vasco da Gama discovered the route to India and back 27,000 miles (1497-1499) • The Line of Demarcation was established to prevent disputes over newly discovered lands in the America’s. • The imaginary line was drawn north to south, through the Atlantic Ocean. • Spain was given possession of lands west of that line, while Portugal could claim lands to the east of the line. (1493) • Treaty of Tordesillas moved the line of Demarcation west. Portugal received Brazil as a colony. (1494) • Fernando Magellan’s crew sailed around the world (1519-1522) • He died in the Philippines and his crew finished the trip around the world. The Empires in America before Columbus arrives. Aztecs & Incas The Aztec Empire • Became the greatest empire of Mesoamerica • Located around the Valley of Mexico (Present Day Mexico City) Teotihuacan, Obsidian, & Sacrificial Alter 1. Aztecs • 1200 -1521 AD, originally called the Mexica took over the Valley of Mexico. • Founded city Tenochititlan (Capital). • 5-15 million people. • Religion very important (polytheistic). • Worshipped the Sun God. • Human sacrifice every day. Inca Empire • Largest Empire in the Americas. • Located mainly in the Andes. • Capital was Cuzco in Southern Peru. Incas Later On • 1438, Emperor Pachacuti concurred all of Peru and spread out the kingdom. • Around 16 million people. • Used a type of Socialist government. • 14,000 miles of road built. • No writing system. • Machu Picchu Emperor Pachacuti, Inca Trail, Machu Picchu The Conquests of Mexico and Peru • Hernando Cortez landed on the shores of Mexico with his conquistadors • He claimed the land for Spain. • Cortés and 600 men reached the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán • By 1521, they had conquered the Aztec empire and captured Montezuma. • Conquest was aided by superior weapons and Native American allies. • European diseases wipe out large numbers of Aztecs Conquest of the Inca 1531-1534 • Francisco Pizarro, marched a small force into South America. • He conquered Atahualpa and the Inca Empire.(1532) Impact of European Colonization Long Term Effects • European nations competed to establish colonies in the Americas • They expanded their wealth and power. (Gold and Glory) • Europe established sea trade with India. Slaves • The slave trade expanded. • Epidemics killed most of the native population in the Americas and created a need for workers. • Slaves provided a quick and available solution to the need for workers. • In 1540, about 10,000 slaves per year were brought to the Americans. • In the 1700’s there were about 70,000 slaves per year. Triangular Trade Route • A network of trading between Europe, Africa, and the Americas made the Triangular Trade Route. • The Europeans traded goods to traders on the west coast of Africa in exchange for captured Africans. • These Africans were then transported across the Atlantic to the West Indies and merchants brought goods produced back to Europe. The Colonial Shipping Trade: The Triangular Trade Routes Columbia Exchange • The Columbian Exchange, the global transfer of plants, animals, disease, and food brought together the Eastern and Western hemispheres and touched, in some way, nearly all the people of the world. Columbian Exchange Columbian Exchange Columbian Exchange small pox All of the following were reasons for European exploration EXCEPT A. B. C. D. Desire to obtain more wealth Desire to spread the Christian religion Desire to encounter new cultures Desire to make a name for themselves The caravel was a new type of cannon that helped the ships fight off attacks. A. True B. False What were the Europeans looking for when they started the Age of Exploration? A. B. C. D. A sea route to the ports of Asia The city of Atlantis New land to cultivate New cultures that they could learn from Which of the following inventions is NOT correctly paired with its use. A. B. C. D. Astrolabe/Used stars to find latitude location Compass/Helps find direction Improved Hull design/Carry more cargo Caravel/Allow ship to go with or against wind