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Chapter 38 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Breaks food down into a form usable by cells (small enough to diffuse into cells). NUTRIENTS Water Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Vitamins Minerals Section 38-2 THE DIGESTIVE ENZYMES Site Enzyme Role in Digestion Mouth Salivary amylase Breaks down starches into disaccharides Stomach Pepsin Breaks down proteins into large peptides Small intestine (from pancreas) Amylase Continues the breakdown of starch Trypsin Lipase Small intestine Maltase, sucrase, lactase Peptidase Continues the breakdown of protein Breaks down fat Breaks down remaining disaccharides into monosaccharides Breaks down dipeptides into amino acids. PATHWAY Mouth Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Section 38-2 Mouth Pharynx Salivary glands Esophagus Liver Gallbladder (behind liver) Stomach Pancreas (behind stomach) Large intestine Small intestine Rectum ACCESSORY GLANDS Salivary glands Liver Pancreas THE LIVER AND THE PANCREAS Section 38-2 Liver Gallbladder Duodenum Bile duct Pancreas Pancreatic duct To rest of small intestine ABSORPTION Small intestine nutrients Large intestine water THE SMALL INTESTINE Section 38-2 Villus Small Intestine Circular folds Epithelial cells Villi Capillaries Lacteal Vein Artery DIGESTIVE DISORDERS Heartburn Ulcers Diarrhea Constipation Chapter 38 THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM FUNCTIONS Helps maintain homeostasis. Rids the body of the wastes of metabolism. Excess salts Carbon dioxide Urea Excess water Maintains blood volume and pH. ORGANS OF EXCRETION Liver Lungs Kidneys Skin LIVER Blood from the intestines flows through the liver to be detoxified before traveling to the rest of the body. Breaks down excess proteins into the waste product urea. LUNGS Excrete carbon dioxide, water and heat. KIDNEYS Remove waste products from the blood. Excess water, excess salts and urea which make up urine. Maintain blood pH. Regulate water content of blood (volume). THE URINARY SYSTEM Section 38-3 Vein Kidney (Cross Section) Kidney Cortex Medulla Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra Artery KIDNEY FUNCTION Filtration – everything but cells are filtered out of the blood (passive). Reabsorption – water and nutrients are absorbed back into the blood (active). What remains behind is urine. Excess Salts Urea water STRUCTURE OF THE KIDNEYS Section 38-3 Kidney Nephron Bowman’s capsule Cortex Medulla Renal artery Capillaries Glomerulus Renal vein Ureter Collecting duct Vein To the bladder Artery Loop of Henle To the ureter KIDNEY FAILURE Having two kidneys provides a backup. If both fail, a transplant or dialysis is needed. KIDNEY DIALYSIS Section 38-3 Blood in tubing flows through dialysis fluid Blood pump Vein Artery Used dialysis fluid Shunt Air detector Dialysis machine Fresh dialysis fluid Compressed air SKIN Excretes sweat: water, salt and urea. Excretes heat – helps maintain homeostasis.
