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Unit 2: Early Modern Times During this unit, you will: • Know the major developments that led to the emergence of modern Europe. • Understand how religion, culture, economics and politics changed during the Renaissance, Reformation, Exploration and Absolutist movements. • Explain the short-term and long-term effects of these changes. Renaissance • Essential Questions: – What were the key ideas and figures that defined the Renaissance? – How has the Renaissance shaped our World Today? “We are entering an age of light coming out of the gothic gloom.” –Francesco Petrarch - - - Middle Ages Preoccupation with the afterlife = Church Pessimism: Life was a march to death Christian Humbleness discourages selfabsorption Man created in God’s image but fails to meet the standard Later Middle Ages Art Later Middle Ages Art Later Middle Ages Art Gothic Architecture Gothic Architecture (Interior) Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy? • Location• Seat of Catholic Church (Patronage) • Economic wealth of Patron families (Ex. Medici’s in Florence) • Political Centralization (city-states) provided stability • Center of the Classical world What events sparked the Renaissance? • Discovery of Classic texts in Islamic Libraries • “Reconquista” As Spain taken back from Moors Classical artifacts are rediscovered • Fall of Constantinople – Greek Exodus (1453) • Crusades and Trade introducing Eastern Math concepts & Architecture Renaissance Themes Individualism - Glorification of Uniqueness - Stress on personality, genius, athleticism, artistic ability - Maximize potential - Fame, Glory, Ambition Renaissance Themes Humanism - Revival of Greco-Roman literature and philosophy - Focus on human traits rather than God Renaissance Themes - - - Secularism Material over Spiritual Explain accomplishments with Senses (ex. Galileo) Here & Now Renaissance Man sought comfort of the senses Life is a Journey not a destination The Renaissance Man “….man could write a poem, wrestle, sing a song, and accompany himself on an instrument, ride expertly, solve math problems, and above all speak and write eloquently.” - Castiglione, The Courtier (1528) The Renaissance Man - Educationally focused - History, Rhetoric, Ethics - What is Virtue? - Young Nobility (Elitist Movement) - Education about ruling and/or running a business Technological Innovations of the Renaissance Printing -1455 – Johann Gutenberg, Fust, Schoffer create movable type -More effective communication in government, propaganda, “invisible public,” stimulates literacy of laypeople in church Technological Innovations of the Renaissance - - Clocks Quantification of Time becomes important “Time is Money” Control of Universe Creation of set work hours Women and the Renaissance - Renaissance is a maledominated movement - Status of Upper Class women declines (work, property, political power) Marriage - Women were decorations for a man - Improvement for middle to lower class women. Italian Art • Italians were able to spend a lot of money on art. (patronage) – Art communicated social, political, and spiritual values. – Italian banking & international trade interests had the money. – Reverted back to the Classics for inspiration ****Art for the first time is not controlled by the Catholic Church!**** Florence, Italy • Geography makes Florence the ideal Renaissance city – Continental trade passes through Florence – Banking is foundation of economy – Central to culture and art The Medici • Gained their fortune through Banking and the textile trade in Europe • Lorenzo the Magnificent Sculptures of the Medici 1478 - 1521 1517 - 1574 Medici Architecture The Medici Palace Medici Chapel Filippo Brunelleschi 1377 - 1436 Architect-built the dome of Florence Cuppolo of St. Maria del Fiore Filippo Brunelleschi • Commissioned to build the cathedral dome. – Used unique architectural concepts. He studied the ancient Pantheon in Rome. Brunelleschi’s Dome Four of the World’s Largest Domes Il Duomo (Florence) St. Peter’s (Rome) St. Paul’s (London) US capital (Washington) Comparing Domes Leonardo Da Vinci Artist Sculptor Architect Scientist Engineer Inventor 1452 - 1519 Vitruvian Man Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo the Sculptor An Equestrian Statue 1516-1518 His many works based off of the humanistic form of life… Leonardo and the Renaissance quest for knowledge… An example of the humanist desire to unlock the secrets of nature. Leonardo’s quest for medical knowledge Other Leonardo works Michelangelo 1475 – 1564 David Michelangelo Buonarotti 1504 Marble The Pieta Michelangelo Buonarroti 1499 marble The Sistine Chapel’s works Sistine Chapel and Michaelangelo The Creation of the Heavens Sistine Chapel and Michaelangelo (Con’t) Creation of Man Michelangelo Self-Portrait, 1506 Portrait of the Artist with a Friend, 1518 Raphael Batista Sforza & Federico de Montefeltre: The Duke & Dutchess of Urbino The Duke tried to kill Lorenzo! Raphael and his works Sistine Madonna Cowpepper Madonna ) More Raphael works Madonna della Sedia Alba Madonna Da Vinci Raphael Michelangelo Pope Leo X A Medici Pope. He went through the Vatican treasury in a year! His extravagances offended even some cardinals [as well as Martin Luther!]. Started selling indulgences. Who is Castiglione? Castiglione represented the humanist “gentleman” as a man of refinement and self-control. “The Renaissance Man” Broad knowledge about many things in different fields. Deep knowledge/skill in one area. Able to link information from different areas/disciplines and create new knowledge. “well-rounded man” Machiavelli • Niccolo Machiavelli was an influential politician, diplomat and philosopher for Italian city-states. • Wrote The Prince in 1513 as a guidebook for Renaissance men to succeed in Politics and society. Described how to use diplomacy and be a gentleman in life…NOT the power politics that had dominated the Renaissance before. William Shakespeare • Was Part of the Northern Renaissance • Wrote 37 plays, including Hamlet, Twelfth Night and the Tempest. • Was a playwright, actor, translator (into the vernacular), critic, poet Sir Thomas More Reformation • Essential Questions: – What caused the Reformation? – How did the Reformation act as a balance to the Renaissance? – What governmental, economic, cultural and religious repercussions developed from the Reformation? Causes of the Reformation? Catholic Church corruption o Pope’s need for money indulgences o 1/3 of Europe church land o Avignon Papacy Development of personal devotions suspicion of clergy Gutenberg Printing Press Martin Luther(1483-1546) • Grew up in present-day Germany • Professor of Theology • Saw the indulgences and other corrupt practices of the Catholic Church. • One event sparked his role in the history of western theology. Luther’s 95 Thesis • Johann Tetzel’s Church in Wittenberg – In 1517, offers people indulgences for contributions to the St. Peter Cathedral in Rome. – “These indulgences would assure salvation” • Luther protests – Writes 95 reasons why indulgences are wrong with Christianity and the Bible. Church Response • Pope Urban II asks Luther to apologize, or recant, for his statements. – (Luther says “no way”) • Pope Excommunicates Luther from all Church influenced land and businesses. • Diet of Worms – Luther asked to recant again, again refuses!!! Edict of Worms "For this reason we forbid anyone from this time forward to dare, either by words or by deeds, to receive, defend, sustain, or favor the said Martin Luther. On the contrary, we want him to be apprehended and punished as a notorious heretic, as he deserves, to be brought personally before us, or to be securely guarded until those who have captured him inform us, whereupon we will order the appropriate manner of proceeding against the said Luther. Those who will help in his capture will be rewarded generously for their good work."[ Luther’s Beliefs • Only God has control on who may enter heaven. • Only way to heaven is by Faith, not by indulgences or other contributions. • Both men and women can receive religious schooling. • Bible is the main source of leading a pious and religious life. – Spread of books allows many people to read the ideas of Luther, as well as the Bible. The Spread of the Printing Press The Spread of Lutheranism/ Protestantism The Peasant Revolt - 1525 • German peasants against their Catholic Nobles and the Catholic Church • Peace of Augsburg Counter-Reformation • Catholic Church attacks Luther and other Protestants. – Huguenots – Anabaptists • Attacks on Jews • AND… Witch Hunts!!! John Calvin • Born in France during the Reformation • Studied as a priest and lawyer, and favored the ideas of Luther. • Published Institutes of the Christian Religion. • Set up a theocracy in Geneva in 1541. • Calvin believed in predestination Reformation Europe (Late 16c) Reformation Art • Albrecht Dürer • Most famous for his woodcuts and engravings – Melancolia 1514 • How would his engravings influence the Reformation? Protestant Work Ethic • Working Class people • Since God predestines people, you work hard to fit into the “cookie cutter” model of the perfect individual. – Characteristics: kind, generous, God-fearing and hardworking Council of Trent • Catholic Church met from 1545-1563 • Set guidelines and stances – – – – Original Sin Bible Scripture Eucharist and Baptism Protestantism • Same as today King Henry VIII of England England and King Henry VIII • England was ruled by the Tudor government • Henry VIII separated the Church of England from the Catholic Church – Was seeking an annulment: Pope said no – Main reason was to be able to divorce his wive(s). – Asked Parliament for legalization: “Act of Supremacy” • “The reformation was a rejection of the secular spirit of the renaissance” defend or refute this statement using specific examples from this time period. • Why did the strictly theological ideas of Martin Luther trigger political, social, and religious reactions?