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Transcript
The Renaissance Part I I. The Italian Renaissance A. Main Idea 1. In ________ the growth of wealthy trading cities and new ways of thinking helped lead to a __________ of the arts and learning. This era became known as the Renaissance. B. The Beginning of the Renaissance 1. 1300, __________ Death, starvation, warfare had overtaken Europe - catastrophic events, enormous loss of ________ may have led to changes of the 1300s. 2. Decrease in ________________ led to: increase in food production, decline in food prices, more money to spend, and specialization in products. 3. __________ areas specialized, particularly in Italy - divided into several large __________________ in north, various kingdoms, Papal States south. 4. Catholic Church, _________, merchants, __________ dominated society in city-states - many sought to display new ___________ with knowledge of ________. C. Renaissance Ideas 1. This period of interest and developments in art, literature, science and learning is known as the __________________, French for “rebirth.” 2. Venetian ships carried goods for trade and __________ scholars seeking refuge - scholars brought ancient works thought to be lost. 3. Italians who could ________ looked for more information - read __________ translations of original texts - searched libraries, found lost texts. 4. As they read, began to think about ______________, art, ______ in different ways - began to believe in __________ capacity to create, achieve. D. Humanism 1. ___________ education gave way to classics: rhetoric, grammar, poetry, history, Latin, Greek - subjects came to be known as ____________, movement they inspired known as ___________. 2. Humanists emphasized ______________ accomplishment. 3. Historians believe Renaissance began with two humanists who lived after Dante—Giovanni _______________, Francesco ____ - both wrote literature in ____________ language not Latin. E. Secular Writers 1. Early ________ life in Italy seemed insecure, precarious - _____ no longer served as source of stability, peace. 2. Form of humanism developed from Petrarch’s ideas; focus was ____________, was ____________ rather than spiritual. F. G. H. I. 3. Humanists argued that individual ________________, education could be fully expressed only if people used talents, abilities in service of ________. 4. Ideal Renaissance man came to be “______________________,” accomplished in ____________, but also man of ____________, who could respond to all situations. Examples of Renaissance Men 1. Italian diplomat Baldassare Castiglione wrote book, __________ - described how perfect Renaissance gentleman, gentlewoman should ______. 2. Philosopher, statesman Niccolò _________________ also wrote influential book: _________________. 3. Machiavellian advice seemed to encourage _________ treatment of citizens, rival _________. 4. Advises rulers to separate __________ from politics; theory that “the ________ justifies the __________” deviated from accepted views of correct behavior 5. Idea that ________ an entity in itself, separate from its _______, became foundation for later ____________ philosophy. Science of the Renaissance 1. Focus of Renaissance on human sciences, __________, politics, geography, and ____________ world. 2. __________ soon became important avenue of inquiry - _______ teachings about world were challenged, particularly that _______ center of universe. 3. Nicholas ________________ said ______ was center of universe - ____________ Galilei arrested by church officials for saying Earth _____________ Sun. Renaissance Art 1. The arts a reflection of the new ____________ spirit Renaissance artists depicted what they observed in __________. 2. Renaissance artists worked for whoever offered them highest ___ - buyers of art, patrons, might be wealthy individuals, city governments, or church. 3. Wealthy individuals competed, displaying wealth, ___________ through purchase of artworks; Florence, Lorenzo de _________; Milan, ruling __________ family. 4. Renaissance artists wanted to paint the natural world as _______ as possible. Styles and Techniques 1. Studied ______________, represented three-dimensional objects. 2. Experimented with using ________ to portray shapes, textures. 3. Subject matter changed; artists began to paint, sculpt scenes from ________, ____________ ________. 4. Religious paintings focused on ________________. 5. Humanist interest in classical learning, ____________ nature. 6. Building design reflected humanist reverence for Greek, Roman culture – classical architecture. J. Artists 1. Leonardo ________________: was an Italian polymath, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, painter, sculptor, architect, botanist, musician and writer. 2. Wrote out ideas, filling ___________ pages of notes; best known for the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. 3. ___________________: studied anatomy; best known for Pieta, David, and painting the ceiling of the _____________________. 4. _______________: renowned painter, accomplished architect most famous work, ________________________, __________ — painting made on fresh, moist plaster. 5. Renaissance architecture reached height with work of Donato __ - design for _____________________________ influenced appearance of many smaller churches.