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Name:________________________________________________ Nationalism Period/#_____________ Part I: Nationalism & Political Revolutions As you have learned, nationalism is a feeling of strong devotion to or pride in one’s country. This feeling often develops among people who share a common language and heritage. Nationalism played an important role in many of the political revolutions of the 1800s. Revolution and war in the 1790s created a strong sense of national unity in France. This feeling inspired French armies to battlefield success as they sought to spread the ideals of their revolution. Napoleon also inspired nationalism among the nations he conquered. However, nationalistic feelings encouraged the conquered people to rise up against Napoleon. In the years following the French Revolution, nationalism led to upheaval in Europe and elsewhere. REVOLUTION YEAR(S) WHAT HAPPENED Latin America Late 1700searly1800s Greece 1821 Poland 1830 Belgium 1831 Italy 1848 Nationalists worked to unify Italy into one nation Germany 1848 Nationalists worked to create a unified German state after the Congress of Vienna established a weak Confederation of German States. Feelings of dissatisfaction led to a number of independence movements against European control throughout Latin America. Nationalists revolted against the Ottoman empire, Britain, France, and Russia. Nationalists in Poland revolted in 1830 but were crushed by the Russian army. Nationalists in Belgium won independence from the Dutch in 1831. BONDS THAT CREATE A NATION-STATE NATIONALITY A BELIEF IN A COMMON ETHNIC ANCESTRY LANGUAGE DIFFERENT ETHNIC DIALECTS OF ONE LANGUAGE, ONE DIALECT CHOSEN AS THE NATIONAL LANGUAGE CULTURE A SHARED WAY OF LIFE (FOOD, DRESS, BEHAVIOR, IDEALS, ETC) HISTORY A COMMON PAST, COMMON EXPERIENCES RELIGION A RELIGION SHARED BY ALL OR MOST OF THE PEOPLE TERRITORY A CERTAIN TERRITORY THAT BELONGS TO THE ETHNIC GROUP, ITS “LAND” 1) What are some key features of nationalism? (Include at least 4) Part II: Nationalism as a Unifying Force: Italy and Germany Nationalism during the 1800s fueled efforts to build nation-states. Nationalists were not loyal to kings, but to their people---to those who shared common bonds. Nationalists believed that people of a single nationality, or ancestry, should unite under a single government. People would then identify with their government and create a united nation state. Italian Unification Ever since the Roman Empire had fallen in the 400s, Italy had been divided into many small states. After Napoleon invaded Italy, he united some of the Italian states into the Kingdom of Italy. The Congress of Vienna, however, re-divided Italy and put much of it under Spanish or Austrian control. Between the years 1815 and 1848, increasing numbers of Italians were no longer content to live under foreign rulers. Amid the growing discontent, three leaders emerged, each having different goals, but each contributing to the unification of Italy. Giuseppe Mazzini Count Camillo di Cavour Giuseppe Garibaldi Mazzini was a nationalist leader who formed the secret society Young Italy in 1831. He also helped to establish a short-lived revolutionary republic in Rome. His writings and speeches provided inspiration to the nationalist movement. Eventually, he was driven out of Italy by the former rulers of the Italian states, and spent much of his life in exile. After the Revolutions of 1848, nationalists looked to the Kingdom of Sardinia for leadership. The kingdom had adopted a liberal constitution in 1848. Unification under Sardinia seemed to be a reasonable alternative to Mazzini’s democratic idealism. Camillo di Cavour was the Prime Minister of Sardinia. He worked through diplomacy and alliances with France and Prussia to achieve eventual Italian unification. He was able to drive out Austria from the northern part of Italy which allowed Sardinia to control the northern zone. As Cavour was uniting the north, he began to consider controlling the southern region. Through support of nationalist forces in the South, Cavour was able to unite the southern states with the northern states. Garibaldi was a nationalist and an ally of Mazzini who lived in Southern Italy. He recruited 100 red-shirted volunteers to help him unite Italy through war. With weapons and boats provided by Cavour, Garibaldi and his “Red Shirts” won control of Sicily and Naples. Although Garibaldi could have set up his own republic in the south, he made the patriotic choice and turned over Naples and Sicily to Cavour to create a (mostly) unified Italy. 2) Identify two ways that each of the individuals listed above helped to unite Italy. Giuseppe Mazzini Count Camillo di Cavour Giuseppe Garibaldi ● ● ● ● ● ● Problems with Italian Unification Despite unification, Italy suffered from many unsolved problems: Fierce rivalry between the industrialized North and the rural South Catholic Church resisted new government (they had controlled their Papal States before unification) Unstable government/vague policies Severe economic problems Peasant unrest/revolts in the South Strikes & riots in the Northern cities. 3) What positive and negative effects did unification have on the Italian people? Positive Effects Negative Effects German Unification Like Italy, Germany (Prussia) also experienced unification. At the Congress of Vienna, 39 German states had formed a loose grouping known as the German Confederation. The two largest states—Prussia and Austria-Hungary—dominated the confederation. Prussia enjoyed many advantages that would eventually allow it to become a powerful unified state: Prussia’s population was primarily German Prussia had a powerful army Prussia was more industrialized On the other hand, Austria-Hungary was faced many challenges/problems in achieving unification: Austria-Hungary had many different ethnic groups Austria-Hungary lacked prosperity (no industry) 4) Why would Prussia have a better chance at unification over Austria-Hungary? Otto von Bismarck Prussia led the German unification. One individual who had a major influence on the German unification was Otto Von Bismarck. Bismarck used “realpolitik” (he basically bullied his way) to achieve unification his way. He would rule without Parliament’s consent He would settle problems with unification by using “Blood and Iron”--- not diplomacy (negotiations) Bismarck had NO faith in speeches and representative government Only way to unite the German states was through war Led Prussia into three wars, each leading Prussia closer to unification. Created an alliance with Austria to “liberate” the provinces of Schleswig and Holstein from Denmark Austro-Prussian War ---Prussia turned on Austria to gain more territory Franco-Prussian War---Sparked war with France to acquire southern German states In 1871, the German states united under the Prussian King Wilhelm I. Wilhelm called himself the Kaiser, a name which means emperor. By 1871, Germany was one of the most powerful states in Europe---both militarily and economically. The balance of power in Europe now favored Germany and Great Britain. This would set the stage for some great conflicts known as the World Wars. 5) What role did Prussia and Otto Von Bismarck play in the unification of Germany? Part III: Nationalism as a Dividing Force Nationalism can be viewed as a dividing force as well. Consider a region that has many different ethnic groups living within a single country. It is safe to say that not all peoples of various ethnicities are going to get along or be willing to follow the same government styles or customs. As citizens grew more patriotic about their nations and/or ethnic background, they increasingly became intolerant of those living within that were viewed as outsiders. Consider the following examples: Eastern Europe As nationalism grew in Eastern Europe and in Russia, many ethnic groups such as the Jews were forced to leave territories in search of a homeland. This anti-Semitism (hatred towards Jews) divided the lands that were attempting to unify. The Jews joined together and through nationalism, built a movement known as Zionism, or the devotion to building a Jewish state in Palestine (present day Israel). 6) In what ways is anti-Semitism an example of nationalism as a dividing force? Turkey In the 1800s, the multi-national Ottoman Empire faced many challenges from various ethnic groups within the empire. The Young Turks were a liberal group who wanted to strengthen the Ottoman empire and end western threats of control. They ended traditional Ottoman tolerance of diverse cultures and religions. The Turks unleashed a massacre on the Armenian people that resulted in the death of over 1 million Armenians. This event became known as the Armenian Massacre. It is the 1st case where an ethnic group was sought out to be killed because of their ethnic background. This mass killing of an ethnic group is known as genocide. These actions by the Turks divided the Ottoman Empire and eventually led to its downfall. 7) How did nationalism lead to the downfall of the Ottoman Empire? The Balkans Nationalism was a source of conflict in the Balkan peninsula of southeastern Europe. Many different ethnic groups rebelled against foreign rule and established their own countries. Nations of Europe viewed the Ottoman Empire as the “sick man of Europe.” They hoped to gain lands from the Ottomans. With this in mind, many European nations entered into alliances with one another in order to take lands away from the Ottoman Empire. Many ethnic tensions broke out in the Balkans as a result of the European powers trying to establish influence in the region. This area was now severely divided by ethnic tensions. Each group wanted to lay claim to its own homeland and not have to live under the rule of a foreign, oppressive government. As a result of this growth in ethnic tensions, the Balkans region became known as the “powder keg of Europe.” 8) Analyze the connection between the Balkans being the “powder keg of Europe” and nationalism as a dividing force. 9) In your opinion, is nationalism more of a unifying force, or more of a dividing force? Explain your response.