Download Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration - Chapter 9

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration - Chapter 9
Name _______________________
Trapping the Sun’s Energy
•
The process by which _______________ capture energy from the _________ to build
_______________ is called photosynthesis
– ____________ energy converts water and carbon dioxide into _______________ energy stored
in simple sugars
•
The simple sugar that photosynthesis produces is _______________ which the plant uses to store
energy.
•
The equation that represents photosynthesis is:
6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2
Phases of Photosynthesis
•
•
Photosynthesis requires energy from the sun, but the sun is _______ available 24 hours a day.
Photosynthesis must occur in two phases
– ___________________________ (light reactions)
•
Convert _________ energy into _______________ energy (ATP and NADPH)
– ___________________________ (dark reactions)
•
Uses the _________ and _________ from the light-dependent reactions to build _________
The Role of Chloroplasts and Pigments
•
•
Photosynthesis takes place in the _______________
Light-dependent reactions take place in the _______________
of the _______________
•
Light-independent reactions take place in the
_______________
• The thylakoid membranes contain the _______________ that
can _____________ certain wavelengths of sunlight.
• The most common pigment in the chloroplasts is_______________.
• Chlorophyll a and b absorb ________ wavelengths of light except for________. Green is
_______________ making the plants appear green.
• In the fall, plants _______________ chlorophyll leaving other pigments that reflect other
wavelengths of light – making the leaves appear red, yellow, or orange.
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Light-dependent Reactions
• _______________ strikes the _______________ molecules in the thylakoid membrane.
• Light energy is transferred to _______________
• The electrons become highly _______________ and are passed down an _______________
• The Electron Transport Chain is a series of _______________ in the _______________
• As the electrons are transferred from one protein to another, some energy is ______________ which
–
helps join ADP and Phosphate to form _______________
–
Pump hydrogen ions into the center of the thylakoid disk to join H+ and NADP+ forming
_______________
–
ATP and NADPH will be used during the ______________________________ reactions
• The electrons excited by the light energy that passed down the electron transport chain and left with
NADPH need to be _______________ so the reaction can happen again.
• To replace those electrons, a __________ molecule is________ (_______________), sending
electrons back to the chlorophyll and releasing _______________ and _______________ ions into
the atmosphere – this supplies the oxygen that we _______________
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Light-independent Reactions
•
•
•
The second phase of photosynthesis ____________ require light and is called the_______________.
The Calvin Cycle occurs in the _______________ of the chloroplast.
The Calvin Cycle uses the ________and _______ that was built during the light-dependent reactions
The Calvin Cycle
Uses _____________
from the air
Uses another _____
to replenish RuBP
Uses ATP and
NADPH from
_______ reactions
Builds a _________ molecule
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Photosynthesis Equation
Light Energy
6CO2 + 6H2O
chlorophyll
Carbon Dioxide
from the air –
Used in the
____________
during the
Water Split during
______
__________ in the
Reactions
______ Reactions
C6H12O6 + 6O2
Glucose Made in
the __________
during the _____
Reactions
Oxygen Released
during _________
in the __________
Reactions
Plants can use this glucose molecule for _______ during ________________________.
Plants can also convert this glucose molecule into other organic compounds such as
________ and __________ or other carbohydrates like _______ and __________
3 Factors that Affect Photosynthesis
•
______________________________ (CO2)
– Without CO2, the plant would not have one of the raw materials needed in the photosynthesis
equation
– CO2 is used in the first step of the _______________________
•
______________________________
– The temperature must be in the appropriate __________ for the plant in order for photosynthesis
to properly occur
•
______________________________
– If the intensity of light is_________ , the available energy for photosynthesis is_________.
•
In a greenhouse, if the light source is________________, intensity is _________and
__________ photosynthesis can occur
•
If light is not available at all, the light-dependent reactions __________occur (nor can they
provide the materials used in the light-independent reactions)
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Cellular Respiration
• Cellular Respiration: Process by which ________________, break down food molecules to produce
_________, in _________ and _________
Nutrients + oxygen  water + ATP + CO2
• Changes _____________ chemical energy (glucose) into _____________ chemical energy (ATP)
• There are three stages of Cellular Respiration
–
_____________
•
–
_____________
•
–
_____________ – does not require oxygen
_____________– does require oxygen
_____________
•
_____________ – does require oxygen
Glycolysis
• Glycolysis: Breaks down _____________ into two molecules of _____________ acid
• This reaction uses _____________ and takes place in the _____________ of the cell
• Produces
–
2 pyruvic acid molecules (used in the next step of__________________________)
–
2 ATP molecules (_____________ the cell can use)
–
2 NADH (_____________ carrier)
Into the Mitochondria…
•
Before the next step of Cellular Respiration can occur, the pyruvic acid molecules must go into the
_____________
•
The two aerobic reactions are the Citric Acid Cycle (or_____________) and the
__________________________
Pyruvic acid  CO2 + water + ATP
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Citric Acid/Krebs Cycle (see page 210 in your book)
____ is
released
Pyruvate from
__________
fuels the cycle
____ is
released
_______
and
______ is
released
____ is
released
Electron Transport Chain
• Electron Transport Chain uses the electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) to pass electrons down the
protein chain and slowly release ________that is used to form ______and _________ molecules
Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
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Cellular Respiration Equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2
Glucose made in
____________
by plants or
___________ by
animals
Used in
_____________
Oxygen from the
___________
Used in
___________
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
Carbon
Dioxide –
________
product of
the _______
__________
Water –
released
from
_______
________
__
_____ released
from Glycolysis,
Citric Acid Cycle,
and Electron
Transport Chain
Between ___________ ATP can be made with this process.
This ATP can be used by the cells for ______________________________.
Fermentation
•
When ________________ is not available anaerobic respiration, ________________, can follow
glycolysis in order to continue to produce________________.
•
•
This is not as efficient as aerobic respiration and produces far fewer ATPs
Two types of fermentation:
– ________________
– ________________
Lactic acid Fermentation
•
Lactic acid fermentation occurs in ____________ cells during strenuous exercise when ________ of
energy is required and _____________ is scarce (________________).
Glucose  pyruvic acid  lactic acid + ATP
•
The lactic acid is transferred from the muscle cells to the ________________ where it will be
converted back into ________________
•
The build up of lactic acid in the muscles is what causes them to be _______________ and________.
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Alcoholic Fermentation
•
________________ and some ________________ cells are capable of alcoholic fermentation during
which glucose is broken down to release ________________ and ________________
Glucose  pyruvic acid  alcohol + CO2 + ATP
•
•
The bubbles formed by the CO2 make ________________
The alcohol released turns grape juice into ________________
Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Stores Energy as glucose
Releases Energy in glucose
Occurs in Living Cells
Uses an Electron Transport Chain
Occurs in Plant Cells
Occurs in Animal Cells
Releases Oxygen
Releases Carbon Dioxide
Creates Energy
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