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Data Acquisition ET 228 Chapter 3.0 - 3.10 • Subjects Covered • • • • • • • • • • Inverting Amplifier Inverting Adder and Audio Mixer Multichannel Amplifier Inverting Averaging Amplifier Noninverting Amplifier Voltage Follower Ideal Voltage Source Noninverting Adder Single Supply Operation Difference Amplifiers • Inverting Amplifier • See Figure 3-1 on page 46 Data Acquisition ET 228 Chapter 3.0 - 3.10 • Inverting Amplifier • Simplifying Assumptions • Ed is essentially 0 if Vout is not in saturation • Input terminal currents in negligible • Formulas for Figures 3-1, 3-2, 3-3 • On Pages 46, 48, and 50 • I = Ei/Ri • I determined by the input voltage and input resistor • Voltage drop across the feedback resistor • Vrf = I x Rf = {Ei/Ri} Rf • Output voltage - Across the load • VOut = - Ei{Rf / Ri } • Output Current • IOut = I + IL Data Acquisition ET 228 Chapter 3.0 - 3.10 • Inverting Amplifier • Example Problems • Examples 3-1 and 3-2 on page 47 • Example 3-3 on page 49 • Walk through applying Ei per Figure 3-3 • Example Problems • 3-4 on page 49 • 3-5 on page 50 • 3-6 on page 51 • Design Procedure • Choose Circuit type • Pick Ri (10k is a safe choice) • Calculate Rf from = (gain)(Ri ) • Analysis Procedure • Find Ri • Find gain from Ri and Rf • VOut has the opposite polarity of the input Data Acquisition ET 228 Chapter 3.0 - 3.10 • Inverting Adder and Audio Mixer • Formulas for Figure 3-4 on page 52 • I1 = E1 /R I2 = E2 /R I3 = E3 /R • VOut = - {E1/R + E2/R + E3/R}R = - {E1+ E2+ E3} • Fig 3-4 Walk through and Example Problems • Example Problems 3-8 and 3-9 starting on page 52 • Audio Mixer • The input currents and voltages don’t interact • Replace the DC voltage sources with audio sources • Add an adjustable resistor in series with the input R • Approximately 1/10 of R • DC offset of AC signals • Usually used to supply bias voltage levels needed on the output • Walk through Figure 3-5 using different levels for Edc Data Acquisition ET 228 Chapter 3.0 - 3.10 • Multichannel Amplifier • Formulas for Figure 3-6 on page 55 • I1 = E1 /R1 I2 = E2 /R2 I3 = E3 /R3 • VOut = - {E1 (Rf /R1) + E2 ( Rf/R2) + E3 ( Rf/R3)} • Acl1 = - Rf /R1 Acl2 = - Rf /R2 Acl3 = - Rf /R3 • Walk Through Fig 3-6 • Example Problem 3-11 on page 56 • Inverting Averaging Amplifier • Make all the input resistors equal • Make the feedback resistor = R/n, with n = # of inputs • Example 3-12 • Noninverting Amplifier • Input voltages applied directly to + input Data Acquisition ET 228 Chapter 3.0 - 3.10 • Noninverting Amplifier • Formulas for Figure 3-7 • I = Ei/R1 • Vrf = I Rf = (Rf /R1) Ei • VOut = Ei + (Rf /R1) Ei = (1 + Rf /R1) Ei • Walk through Figure 3-7 • Use 5V and -5V • Example Problems 3-13 and 3-14 • Page 59 • Voltage Follower • Commonly called • • • • Source Follower Unity-Gain Amplifier Buffer Amplifier Isolation Amplifier Data Acquisition ET 228 Chapter 3.0 - 3.10 • Voltage Follower • Formulas • VOut = Ei • Acl = VOut /Ei = 1 • Example 3-15 on page 62 • Uses of the Voltage Follower • Isolation of the quantity being measured from the measurement • Walk though both circuits in Figure 3-11 on page 63 • Ideal Voltage Source • Characteristics • Output doesn’t change regardless of the load • No resistance in series with the voltage • Walk through Figure 3-12 • The “b” figure shows the loading due to a inverting amplifier • The “c” figure shows a practical Ideal Voltage Source Data Acquisition ET 228 Chapter 3.0 - 3.10 • Noninverting Adder • Typical Circuit in Figure 3-14 • Assume R = RA • Inputs could be buffered with Voltage Followers • Formulas • VOut = E1+ E2+ E3 • Rf = R(n-1), where n = the number of inputs • Ein = {E1+ E2+ E3}/3 • Figure 3-14 Walk Through • Single-Supply Operation • Figure 3-15 • Characteristics • Usually used in battery operated devices • Inputs can go to ground and close to the supply voltage • Usually wired as Noninverting since there is only one supply Data Acquisition ET 228 Chapter 3.0 - 3.10 • Single-Supply Operation • If the input signal goes below ground (referenced to supply voltage) • The input must be biased • See “b” figure • Difference Amplifiers • Variations reviewed • Subtractor • Inverting-Noninverting • Subtractor • • • • Figure 3-16a First an inverter inverts E1 Then it and E2 are feed to an inverting adder Results in VOut = E1 - E2 Data Acquisition ET 228 Chapter 3.0 - 3.10 • Difference Amplifiers • Inverting-Noninverting • Figure 3-16b • Can solve using supper positioning • If E2 = 0V then VOut = 2 x E1 • If E1 = 0V then VOut = - E2