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AB-19 CASCODE AMPLIFIER ANALOG LAB EXPERIMENT BOARD Ver. 1.0 An ISO 9001: 2000 company 94-101, Electronic Complex, Pardesipura INDORE-452010, India. AB-19 Tel.: 91-731-2570301 Fax: 91-731-2555643 Email: [email protected] Web: www.scientech.bz Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 2 AB-19 CASCODE AMPLIFIER AB-19 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 3 2. Theory 5 3. Experiment 1 To study the operation of Cascode Amplifier 8 4. Experiment 2 To study the frequency response of Cascode Amplifier 10 Datasheet 12 5. Warranty 14 6. List of service Centers 15 7. List of Accessories with AB-19 16 Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 3 AB-19 INTRODUCTION AB-19 is a compact, ready to use CASCODE AMPLIFIER experiment board. This board is useful for students to understand the working and operation of various cascade amplifier stages. It can be used as stand alone unit with external DC power supply or can be used with SCIENTECH ANALOG LAB ST-2612 which has built in DC power supply, AC power supply, function generator, modulation generator, continuity tester, toggle switches, and potentiometer. List of Boards : Model AB-01 AB-02 AB-03 AB-04 AB-05 AB-06 AB-07 AB-08 AB-09 AB-15 AB-16 AB-17 AB-18 AB-21 AB-22 AB-23 AB-26 AB-28 AB-29 AB-30 AB-31 AB-32 AB-33 AB-41 AB-42 AB-43 Name Diode characteristics (Si, Zener, LED) Transistor characteristics (CB NPN) Transistor characteristics (CB PNP) Transistor characteristics (CE NPN) Transistor characteristics (CE PNP) Transistor characteristics (CC NPN) Transistor characteristics (CC PNP) FET characteristics Rectifier Circuits Common Emitter Amplifier Common Collector Amplifier Common Base Amplifier RC-Coupled Amplifier Class A Amplifier Class B Amplifier (push pull emitter follower) Class C Tuned Amplifier Phase Locked Loop (FM Demodulator & Frequency Divider/Multiplier) Multivibrators (Astable / Monostable) F-V and V-F Converter V-I and I-V Converter Zener Voltage Regulator Transistor Series Voltage Regulator Transistor Shunt Voltage Regulator Differential Amplifier (Transistorized) Operational Amplifier (Inverting / Noninverting / Differentiator) Operational Amplifier (Adder/Scalar) Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 4 AB-19 AB-44 AB-45 AB-51 AB-52 AB-53 AB-56 AB-65 AB-66 AB-67 AB-81 AB-82 AB-83 AB-84 AB-90 AB-91 AB-92 AB-93 Operational Amplifier (Integrator/ Differentiator) Schmitt Trigger and Comparator Active filters (Low Pass and High Pass) Active Band Pass Filter Notch Filter Fiber Optic Analog Link Phase Shift Oscillator Wien Bridge Oscillators Colpitt Oscillator Kirchoff’s Laws (Kirchoff’s Current Law & Kirchoff’s Voltage Law) Thevenin’s and Maximum power Transfer Theorem Reciprocity and Superposition Theorem Tellegen’s Theorem Two port network parameter Optical Transducer (Photovoltaic cell) Optical Transducer (Photoconductive cell/LDR) Optical Transducer (PhotoTransistor) …. and many more Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 5 AB-19 THEORY Single amplifier circuits, such as a common emitter, common base and common collector amplifiers are seldom found alone, as a single stage amplifier, in any system. Generally, at least two or more than two stages are connected in cascade combination. If the output of one amplifier is connected (coupled) to the input of another amplifier the stages are said to be connected in "cascade". The benefit of cascaded amplifiers is to develop an output voltage larger than either stage alone can develop. The gain of a single stage is not as important as the system gain. Designers usually set individual stage gains relatively low to reduce signal distortion. One of the very important requirements of cascade is first stage output impedance of amplifier matches to input impedance of second stage which is known as impedance matching. When the output impedance of previous stage matches with the input impedance of its next stage, maximum power is transferred. Cascode Amplifier : Cascode amplifier is a special case of cascade amplifier. Cascode amplifier is a two stage amplifier, which comprises a CE amplifier driving a CB amplifier. The CE amplifier has with significant current and voltage gain moderate input and output impedance. The high input impedance is desirable while the high output impedance possess some problems. The higher the output impedance the less current can be drawn from an amplifier without a significant drop in output voltage .The CE is used most often for voltage amplification .It can provide a large output voltage swing. In multistage system this output becomes the input of the next stage of the system .The emitter resistor amplifier is similar to the CE amplifier but has lower voltage gain and higher input impedance .Because of the feedback present in this amplifier, internal noise generated by the transistor is almost eliminated. The CB amplifier has low input impedance and relatively high output impedance. These properties are less desirable for signal amplification. If the base is bypassed to ground with a capacitor, the amplifier has high voltage gain but the current gain is less than unity .Thus if the source Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 6 AB-19 driving the amplifier has a low impedance, and the load is drawing little current, the CB can be used as a voltage amplifier .If the driving source has a higher impedance, we can offset this undesirable effect by using a CE amplifier to drive the CB amplifier. Thus the overall input impedance is high. Circuit Diagram of Cascode Amplifier : Fig.2 In Cascode Amplifier Transistor T1 forms the CE amplifier and CB amplifier utilizes T2 .This configuration has the advantage of increased output resistance and wider frequency response while maintaining high voltage gain. The input resistance of the CE stage is relatively high. The low input impedance of the CB circuit forms the load resistance for the CE stage .The collector current of T2 is almost equal to the collector current of T1, which in turn drives the load (RL || Rc2) in this circuit the capacitor are considered as short circuits. The dc source, Vcc, is set to ground potential since we are interested in the ac component of the signals since RE is bypassed by CE. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 7 AB-19 Bandwidth of a Cascode Amplifier : Bandwidth is defined as the band of frequency over which the amplifier gain is constant. Fig. 3 The f1 and f2 points are also known as half power points. The half power points are the points at which the signal amplitude has dropped to .707 percent of the maximum signal amplitude. Any frequency below the f1 or above the f2 point is not considered a usable output from the amplifier. The bandwidth of the amplifier is the difference between the f1 and f2 points. Bandwidth (B) = f2 – f1 Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. …………….(2) 8 AB-19 EXPERIMENT 1 Object : To study the operation of Cascode amplifier. Apparatus Required : 1. 2. Analog board AB-19. 3. Function Generator. 4. Oscilloscope. 5. 2mm patch chords. DC power supply +12V from external source or ST-2612 Analog Lab. Circuit Diagram : Circuit used to study the operation of Cascode amplifier is shown below : Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 9 AB-19 Fig.4 Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 10 Procedure : • Connect +12V variable dc power supplies at their indicated position from external source or ST-2612 Analog Lab. 1. Connect 1Vp-p, 1 KHz Sine wave signal at the input (between points Vin and gnd) of Cascode amplifier AB-19 board and observe the same on oscilloscope CH I. 2. Observe the output waveform between points Vout and gnd. on oscilloscope CH II. 3. Calculate the Voltage Gain (AV). Result : Voltage Gain of Cascode amplifier [AV = Vout / Vin ] = ………………….. EXPERIMENT 2 AB-19 Object : To study the Frequency Response of Cascode amplifier. Apparatus Required : 1. 2. Analog board AB-19. 3. Function Generator. 4. Oscilloscope. 5. 2mm patch chords. DC power supply +12V from external source or ST-2612 Analog Lab. Circuit Diagram : Circuit used to study the Frequency Response of Cascode amplifier is shown below: Fig.5 Procedure : Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 12 AB-19 • Connect +12V variable dc power supplies at their indicated position from external source or ST-2612 Analog Lab. 1. Connect 1Vp-p, 100Hz Sine wave signal at the input (between points Vin and gnd) of amplifier of AB-19 board and observe the same on oscilloscope CH I. 2. Observe the output waveform between points Vout and gnd on oscilloscope CH II. 3. Increase the input frequency value and observe the output waveform amplitude on oscilloscope 4. Measure the maximum amplitude of the output sine wave and the frequency range for which the output wave amplitude is 3dB down the maximum amplitude.(this will give two valves of frequency fL and fH, the lower 3dB frequency and higher 3dB frequency respectively) as shown in fig.5. 5. Calculate Bandwidth of Cascode amplifier using Eq.2 Result : f1 (lower 3dB frequency) = ………………………... f2 (higher 3dB frequency) = ……………………….. Bandwidth (f2 – f1) = ……………………………… DATASHEET Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 13 AB-19 Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 14 AB-19 Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 15 AB-19 WARRANTY 1) We guarantee the instrument against all manufacturing defects during 24 months from the date of sale by us or through our dealers. 2) The guarantee covers manufacturing defects in respect of indigenous components and material limited to the warranty extended to us by the original manufacturer, and defect will be rectified as far as lies within our control. 3) The guarantee will become INVALID. a) If the instrument is not operated as per instruction given in the instruction manual. b) If the agreed payment terms and other conditions of sale are not followed. c) If the customer resells the instrument to another party. d) Provided no attempt have been made to service and modify the instrument. 4) The non-working of the instrument is to be communicated to us immediately giving full details of the complaints and defects noticed specifically mentioning the type and sr. no. of the instrument, date of purchase etc. 5) The repair work will be carried out, provided the instrument is dispatched securely packed and insured with the railways. To and fro charges will be to the account of the customer. DESPATCH PROCEDURE FOR SERVICE Should it become necessary to send back the instrument to factory please observe the following procedure: 1) Before dispatching the instrument please write to us giving full details of the fault noticed. 2) After receipt of your letter our repairs dept. will advise you whether it is necessary to send the instrument back to us for repairs or the adjustment is possible in your premises. Dispatch the instrument (only on the receipt of our advice) securely packed in original packing duly insured and freight paid along with accessories and a copy of the details noticed to us at our factory address. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 16 AB-19 LIST OF SERVICE CENTERS 1. Scientech Technologies P. Ltd. 90, Electronic Complex Ph: (0731) 5202959 Pardesipura, Email: [email protected] INDORE – 452010 2. Scientech Technologies P. Ltd. First Floor, Ph.: (011) 26513912, 26864943 14, Uday Park, Fax: (011) 26864943. NEW DELHI – 110049 Email: [email protected] 3. Scientech Technologies P. Ltd. New no.2, Old no.10, 4th street Ph.: (044) 52187548, 52187549 Venkateswara nagar, Adyar Fax: (044) 52187549 CHENNAI – 600025 Email: [email protected] 4. Scientech Technologies P. Ltd. 202/19, 4th main street Ph.: (080) 51285011 Ganganagar, Fax: (080) 51285022 BANGALORE- 560032 Email: [email protected] 5. Scientech Technologies P. Ltd. First floor, L block Ph.: (022) 56299547 Ranjit studio compound, Fax: (022) 24155984 Dada Saheb Phalke road, Email: [email protected] Dadar (East) MUMBAI – 400014 6. Scientech Technologies P. Ltd. 988, Sadashiv Peth, Ph.: (020) 24461673 Gyan Prabodhini Lane, Fax: (020) 24482403 PUNE – 411030 Email: [email protected] Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 17 AB-19 LIST OF ACCESSORIES 1. 2. 3. 2mm patch cord (red)………………………………………...1 Nos. 2mm patch cord (blue)………………….……………………2 Nos. 2mm patch cord (black)……………………………………...3 Nos. Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 18