Download Geology Highway Map Southern Ontario

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Vernetlfc-
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1 _\Cache
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E
B
E
H U D S O N
C
THE GEOLOGIC SETTING OF ONTARIO
BAY
/
The Precambrian Canadian Shield arches across Ontario separating
Phanerozoic baslnal accumulations of sedimentary rocks. Based o n age,
degree of metamorphism, and structural differences the Canadian Shield
has been subdivided into geological provinces. Three of these geological
provinces exist within Ontario. The oldest, largest, and most northerly is t h e
Superior Province. South of the Superior Province exist t h e relatively
unmetamorphosed rocks of the Southern Province and the generally highly
metamorphosed rocks of t h e Grenville Province. Within the northern
portion of t h e Canadian Shield lie t h e Hudson Bay and Moose River Basins.
On t h e western, southern, and southeastern margins lie, respectively, t h e
Williston, Michigan, and Appalachian Basins.
Within the area of the Geological Highway Map Southern Ontario are
the Precambrian rocks of the Southern Province and Grenville Province of
the Canadian Shield. Overlapping onto these rocks, are t h e almost
exclusively sedimentary Paleozoic rocks deposited within the Michigan and
Appalachian Basins.
B A S I N
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SOURCES O F INFORMATION
The following general references contain additional information about t h e
geology and landforms of southern Ontario.
\Ikimberley"
l\\
" C : ^ Singhampton^^rl Glen «„ro>x~=" "-"^'^
Feversh«, _ . , ^ r e « n o r e ^ 2 4 ; , Brentwood'
^Eug^nia
I
J'-"-.,^Avening
Eugenia
[ 4 R e iMaxwel!
\
Uillarton
\
A^alkertc
Chapman, L. J. (1975) T h e Physiography of the Georgian Bay-Ottawa
Valley Area; Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, GR 128.
IVarney
|ipley
Riverdale |
VOromore
lol
<'""'"9*'
IHopeville
\
\
Neud|adt_
MildmaV^^, \
\
21
TConn IMonticell!
\L.
bmascr
• St
Helen
^ ^ j d K e r Wmgham
Bogie;
BeaclV,
,.„,
;
iNile J
Palmersti|n^^r^
*Belgrave
Sunset BeachyL°""'»P , ,
Parts of this publication may b e q u o t e d if credit is given to t h e Ontario
Geological Survey. It is recommended that reference to this map be made in
the following form:
,Kurt«illey
luburn
Moleswortii*
Goderlciv
3Mh
E'lheL
Freeman, E. B., ed.
1978: Geological Highway Map, S o u t h e r n Ontario;
Ontario Geological Survey, Map 2418.
•
3091
gowanstowg^ 22
ssels
jindesboroujl*^
I
'*Gorrie'~~lj^°"''''''^^
, 4 J Bluevaie
St. Augustin
GrandT^
Valleyl
ienilwc
' Winghai^J«^5, .^wroxa
Highway basemap supplied by Surveys a n d Plans Office, Ministry of
Transportation and Communications, 1977.
VrCfftJ
_Whitechurch\\
flontrose
Seaforth \
1 Egmondyille
.Brodhagen^j
fA?iss
^IWinlerftpurne'
estogo ^(ywfvhjjj
3loomingi
Milverton
: Columba^V
/
rPoole CrossH^ ^ - ^ ^ ^
/Bamberc
litchell
^Ifa
/CromartV
i83>
ICr^
p.. , •
Shipk^
Huron Parkl
-11 ffCentralia
iAIhaleil
Corsl
ICortjett MounI Carmel
Port
Franic
1 h| iili
ewHam^uiy
33
St 'Ra/s Stai
nil • -"^TWashir
New
.....>..£. B l a n ^ ^ . i ,
Padk»1ri
•
IN&ON
^
,
^ Dorchester.
Ingersoll
Glajfctone*
Belmonjl
Munce\
Southwold«
Jaj^otuille Royal^
Oil Springs
ilkesport
BRAfJTFORDJ
401)
lona
Sta
ShetlaniJ
,'^ST.%1DMAS
Shedden
•Fingai
(•4
J
CopenhagerAJ-^
176)
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121
WALPOL
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-34
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/
Campden
J), Rentonrg
^Frogmore
St
^imcoe
Chlapside,^
Port Dover
Port Ryerse
shers Glen
Normandale
Turkey Point
ll^JI,'
/./•/'7
^McGregor
Amfierstburg
*
^Essex
*"\^*V,
" ^ l ^ '
Gest"
Clear^
Creek
•Maiden Centre
TOWjsKingsville
\
, OTTAWA
WheatiM
Rw^ve
Willow^
Beach
' 33J
Gl^ora
Bloomfield
Leamiinhton
Colchester^^Oxley
PELEE PT
A
CANADA
P H Y S I O G R A P H I C
Miles
90
50
M A P
Ontario
Onondaga
End
moraines.
ABANDONED SHORELINES
(10,000-12.500years
ago)
Lake Algonquin
Paved or gravel
10
refer to Ontario/Canada
0
10
20
Official Road Map
30
— Lake Iroquois
10
40
Kilometres
20
30 Miles
PURPOSE OFMAP
/
The most travelled and populated portion of Ontario lies south of highway
17 and east of Sault Ste. Marie. The purpose of t h e Geological Highway Map
Southern Ontario is t o present t h e general geology of this part of Ontario in
relation t o t h e familiar reference points of o u r highways, lakes, rivers, a n d
communities. It is hoped that t h e information shown here will be of interest to
the general travelling public, t o students of t h e earth sciences, a n d to
professional geologists.
The Geological Highway Map shows by the use of colour the succession
and distribution of rock units exposed at t h e surface. The oldest are metamor­
phosed volcanic rocks (unit 1 ) northeast of Blind River, and the youngest are
the marine shales and sandstones of the Port Lambton Group (unit 38) south of
Sarnia. T h e rock unit boundaries shown o n the map have been determined or
interpreted from mapping these rocks where they o c c u r e x p o s e d in excavations
or where they outcrop naturally at the surface. All of the rock units are partly
covered by deposits laid down during t h e Quaternary glaciations, these
surficial deposits consist of glacial tills a n d associated lake a n d stream
deposits. They are not shown on the main map, although some are indicated o n
the physiographic map.
U.S.A.
CENOZOIC
QUATERNARY
—100200-
MESOZOICa
PALEOZOIC^
-360-
Queenst
PRECAMBRIAN
UPPER DEVONIAN
LATE P R E C A M B R I A N (570-1600 million years)
PORT LAMBTON GROUP: grey shale and sandstone.
ALKALIC C O M P L E X E S
THOROLC
16
37
1-Chjji
.
" R,rfgeviliil|
Nepheline and alkalic syenites, and associated mafic and ultramafic
KETTLE POINT FORMATION: black shale.
MIDDLE DEVONIAN
^Cooks M i i i s ^ N SB^ack Cri
WtLLAND
^.iiu«iai>w
Sjyderfj^
IWainfleeMU
rocks.
All landform features, such as escarpments, canyons, hills, a n d valleys
reflect variations in t h e underlying rock units a n d t h e geological processes
including glaciations which have acted upon them. It is hoped that t h e
landforms seen o n your travels become more meaningful as their relationship to
bedrock or geological processes is noted.
MAFIC INTRUSIVE R O C K S
Robinson
36
15
Diabase, gabbro, morite, and ultramafic
rocks.
HAMILTON GROUP: grey shale and limestone.
FELSIC A N O R T H O S I T E SUITE
ne
Od-J ^""'"j""*'
14
35
MARCELLUS FORMATION: grey shale.
34
DUNDEE FORMATION: limestone.
33
DETROIT RIVER G R O U P : " limestone and dolostone.
I Granitic to syenitic
rocks.
^ Ridgew^% _
Physiographic maps subdivide t h e landscape o n t h e basis of geology and
landforms. Two major physiographic regions exist in southern Ontario: the
Canadian Shield Region composed of Precambrian-age rock units, and the
St. Lawrence Lowlands underlain by rock units younger than 570 million
years (Phanerozoic age). The Shield Region is subdivided into Provinces
based u p o n age, degree of metamorphism, and structural variation. In turn,
these provinces are subdivided on t h e basis of landform characteristics.
The following subdivisions o c c u r within southern Ontario:
y
Kilometres
Paved/Gravel
Miles 10
PHANEROZOIC
13
Anorthositic
Champlain Sea
rocks.
Marble, calc-silicate
rocks,
skarn.
METAV0LCANICS''9 (ca. 1300 million years)
32
31
400
BOiS BLANC FORMATION: cherty
limestone.
11
Flows, tuff, agglomerate,
breccia, minor iron formation and
metasediments.
LATE T O M I D D L E P R E C A M B R I A N
ORISKANY FORMATION: sandstone.
-
FELSIC INTRUSIVE ROCKS
UPPER SILURIAN
Granite, granophyre, granodiorite, quartz diorite, quartz monzonite,
trondhjemite, and derived gneisses.
10
30a
syenite,
BASS ISLANDS FORMATION: dolostone.
CLASTIC METASEDIMENTS
Conglomerate,
greywacke, arkose, calcareous
shale, and derived metamorphic
rocks.
30b
BERTIE FORMATION: dolostone.
29
SALINA FORMATION: dolostone. shale, gypsum, salt.
sandstone
and siltstone,
MAFIC AND ULTRAMAFIC INTRUSIVE ROCKS
Gabbro. gabbroic anorthos'ite, norite, "Nipissing diabase" (2160 million
years), diorite, ultramafic rocks, and derived metamorphic rocks.
MIDDLE AND LOWER SILURIAN
28
M I D D L E P R E C A M B R I A N (1600-2600 million years)
HURONIAN SUPERGROUP (ca. 2200-2450 million years)
GUELPH FORMATION: dolostone.
COBALT GROUP
27
AMABEL FORMATION: dolostone.
26
LOCKPORT FORMATION: dolostone.
Conglomerate,
quartz sandstone,
sandstone,
siltstone,
argillite.
QUIRKE LAKE G R O U P
Conglomerate,
25
440
CLINTON AND CATARACT G R O U P S : sandstone,
shale,
dolostone.^
sandstone,
siltstone, limestone, and dolostone.
HOUGH LAKE G R O U P
Conglomerate,
UPPER ORDOVICIAN
greywacke,
sandstone, siltstone, and argillite.
ELLIOT LAKE G R O U P
24
Q U E E N S T O N FORMATION: rec/sba/e.
23
GEORGIAN BAY CCartsbad & Russe/d; FORMATION: grey shale with
limestone interbeds.
Sandstone, siltstone, greywacke,
rocks.
argillite, minor conglomerate,
and volcanic
E A R L Y P R E C A M B R I A N (oltJer than 2600 million years)
22
21
FELSIC INTRUSIVE R O C K S
WHITBY (Eastview & Billings^) FORMATION: grey and black shale.
Granitic, syenitic, and migmatitic
T R E N T O N AND BLACK RIVER G R O U P S (unsubdivided)":
minor dolostone, shale.
20
CHAZY G R O U P * ' , limestone,
shale
19
BEEKMANTOWN GROUP: dolostone,
sandstone.
CAMBRIAN
^Refered
to as the Onondaga
POTSDAM or N E P E A N FORMATION: sandstone.
LOWER CAMBRIAN
570
ALKALIC R O C K - C A R B O N A T I T E COMPLEXES: carbonatite, fenite,
alkalic syenites, and associated mafic and ultramafic rocks.
PRECAMBRIAN
^Formations
predominates
Formation in the Niagara
on Manitoulin
age dating
Peninsula.
Island.
Ministry of
in the Ottawa Valley region.
^The combined Trenton and Black River Groups are also known as the Simcoe
which contains the Gull River, Bobcaygeon, Verulam, and Lindsay Formations.
in the vicinity of Parry Sound
may be either
Middle
Natural
or Late
J^i^^s a . c . a u w
Minister
Group
•
o
Dr. J. K. Reynolds
tPocks in these groups are subdivided lithologically and the order does not necessarily
imply age relationships within or among groups.
^Rocks of this group
Precambrian.
YORK
flows with minor mafic pyroclastic rocks.
A few small intrusive bodies of this age have been identified by radiometric
methods.
^Dolostone
17
NEW
Mafic to intermediate
»
18
arkose, quartzite, siltstone, argillite, chert.
METAVOLCANICS'
LOWER ORDOVICIAN
500
rocks.
METASEDIMENTSf
limestone,
Greywacke,
CANADIAN SHIELD
ST LAWRENCE LOWLANDS
Southern Province
Central St. Lawrence Lowland
Penokean Hills
West St. Lawrence Lowland
Grenville Province
Laurentian Highlands
Southern Ontario's major landforms are due to either erosion (lakeshores,
escarpments) or glacial deposition (moraines, drumlins, eskers).
to tonalitic
CARBONATE M E T A S E D I M E N T S '
LOWER DEVONIAN
PHYSIOGRAPHIC MAP
Escarpments-Niagara,
multilane
Scale 1:800 000
Kilometres
ONTARIO
y
Southern
Paved
/
£ 3
MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN
LAKE
OTHER ROADS
Multilane
For additional information
SMilford
NEW YORK
The colours o n t h e map d o not represent uniform rock compositions.
Changes o c c u r related to t h e rate of cooling (in igneous rocks) and to the distance
from t h e source area (in sedimentary rocks). For example, t h e Lower Silurian
Clinton and Cataract Groups change from dominantly sandstone-shale units in the
Niagara Peninsula area t o dominantly dolostone units in t h e Bruce Peninsula
area.
The distribution pattern of the coloured units ( = rock units) shown o n the
map have been influenced by several factors:
1) t h e dip (tilt) of t h e rock layers and their thickness
2) t h e hardness of the rock units and their resistance to erosion
3) t h e topography of the land surface.
Faulting (the cracking and movement of t h e Earth's crust that often produces
earthquakes) has affected Ontario throughout its history. Locations of the major
faults within southern Ontario are shown by blue dashed lines. Faulting in Ontario
has affected human history as well as geological history. For example, subsidence
of t h e land associated with faulting created t h e valley lowlands of t h e Ottawa,
Mattawa, a n d French Rivers. It was this fault induced river and lake lowland system
that provided t h e access, settlement, a n d historical development of North
America's interior. Fortunately faulting is presently infrequent and of small scale
within Ontario. Thus, property damage from faulting has been slight in comparison
with other areas of the Earth.
^37
'Port Alma
• ^lytheswood
33
PROVINCIAL HIGHWAYS
WOLFE
^Adjji
L
Colours and numbers are used here t o represent rocks of a particular type o r
age. However, it should be noted that these colours usually bear no relation to t h e
actual colour of t h e rock in its outcrop. Each colour has been given a number.
These numbers reflect the general sequence of rock formations with 1 being the
oldest (first formed) and 38 being t h e youngest (last formed) rock unit shown o n the
map. Note that some of t h e rock units of the Precambrian Era may have formed
simultaneously.
Where possible, ages in millions of years as determined by isotopic (radio­
metric) methods are listed in t h e column of time a n d rock units. T h e time
relationships are best understood within t h e Phanerozic rock sequence a n d a
special time c o l u m n appears for these rocks. The Phanerozoic rocks are not only
more recent, b u t contain abundant fossil life forms. From analysis of fossils a n d
other data these rock layers have been separated into units (normally called
Formations) that can be identified within widely separated outcrops.
Belch Erieau
34 ^ rStaples
AMHERST
vnsecon Meli^le^
Vi-r
THE GEOLOGIC COLUMN O F TIME AND ROCK UNITS
'f2ilBida*fow
THbury"
EViiH
12
;ewsbur>
Ruscom U Combei
fs.Woodleef'H??
/
Fault or Lineament
MAFIC ANORTHOSITE SUITE
St Joachim^
N Woodslee
Grenville Front
BatawjL
t
-<S*- Lighthouse/
Idcastle
S u r v e y
ICastleton
Nanticoke ^ ,
TURKEY PT
^Port Rowan Long Point Bay
Por
,
Burwell
G e o l o g i c a l
simcoe; / ^ g e
jiarwood J
GorelLandingf^''
Powfr-Gleii , • ;
26
fAtter/ffe
CanfieltL
\ 'aO^SpriSivalei'' ' / ' ^ ^ ' ' ' ^ ' " ' ' ' f
-\i»>*
Sta i
Waterford^-^cVrn'et/
Oecc*J!&*f=*Cay
- Villa Nova
• N.iies C o r s f T C ^ - - K o h l e r g f f l r f r ^ - nnville
Balmoral
* ~ ' - v T Fisherville^^
S.Ca?;S.33^ -Bynr^ - ^ - - ^ ^ ^ I J
^3j^Uarvis'
Port Bruce
Quttona
Beach
eddendal
•fMilllowiteii
/_Shannonville'
"Po'rt
. . i r
) La Salle
||24)
P«"^^ Frankfj
Wooler/^ Glen M i l
Weller Port
am'Fonthi;^
DeijRham
2 4 1 8
LEGEND
Bethai
ST.
Park
CATHARINEi
Bismaict:-.,
Walstngham
Port
Stanley
M a p
Odessai
_^_^J^1|8
Cajlins
^ ^^rJsville.i/^Nap^nee Morv^nllSSJ'mher
Keenj
Time
(million
years)
HolbrooM^
34Cy[ennS
• '
xColr^l,
O n t a r i o
'ETERBj
,
iRobhn \
r!r/
fwburg
^HatlowayX
fPlamfteld^
,
"--rniiirmiihl
21 S Westplain^
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GENERALIZED GEOLOGIC COLUMN OF TIME AND ROCK UNITS
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Ministry of Natural Resources, 1978.
Holh
IF.B ^rden
IThorntoi
Mansfielja
fliverview ^
Holstein
\
Douglas, R. J . W., e d . (1970) Geology a n d Economic Minerals of
Canada; Geological Survey of Canada, E c o n . Geol. Rept. 1.
1
1^,*
Cartsruhe*'
Kinloss
Hewitt, D. F & Freeman, E. B. (1972) Rocks and Minerals of Ontario;
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, GC 13.
\
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111].
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27 J • A'^OsIs'"''Guthnf
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Chapman, L. J . & Putnam, D. F. (1966) T h e Physiography of Southern
Ontario; Univ. Toronto Press.
A 4 map set (scale 1" t o 4 ml.) accompanies this text a n d is
available from t h e Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources.
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Geology compiled from published a n d unpublished maps of t h e Ontario
Geological Survey and the Geological Survey of Canada.
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Resources
Deputy Minister