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CHAPTER 5 READING GUIDE – LIGHT AND QUANTIZED ENERGY 1. ____________________ nuclear model did not begin to account for the _______________ and _________________ in chemical behavior among the various elements. 2. They observed that certain _______________ emitted visible _______________ when heated in a flame. 3. Analysis of emitted light revealed that an element’s _________________ behavior is related to the arrangement of the ________________ in its atoms. 4. _________________ light is a type of ____________________ radiation – a form of energy that exhibits __________________ behavior as it travels through space. 5. Other examples of electromagnetic radiation include _________________ that cook your food, _____________ that doctors and dentists use to examine bones and teeth, and ______________ that carry radio and television programs into homes. 6. The _________________ is the shortest distance between equivalent points on a continuous ______________. 7. The __________________ is the number of waves that pass a given point per _____________. 8. The __________________ of a wave is the wave’s height from the ____________ to the _______________, or from the ______________ to the _________________. 9. All electromagnetic waves, including _____________ light, travel at a speed of ________________ in a ________________. 10. Although the speed of all _________________ waves in a vacuum is the same, waves can have different _______________ and ________________. 11. _________________, which is one example of white light, contains a nearly continuous range of ________________ and _________________. 12. If you have ever seen a __________________, you have seen all of the visible colors at once. 13. The ___________________ spectrum, also called the EM spectrum, includes all forms of electromagnetic radiation, with the only differences in the types of radiation being their _______________ and ___________________. 14. In addition to the radiation from the ______________, human activities also produce radiation which include _________ and ________ signals, ___________ relay stations, _________________, medical ______________ equipment, and particle ________________. 15. The _______________ of an object is a measure of the average _______________ energy of its particles. 16. In 1900, German physicist ____________ _____________ began searching for an explanation of this phenomenon as he studied the light emitted by _______________ objects. 17. A _______________ is the minimum amount of energy that can be gained or lost by an atom. 18. Planck proposed that the _________________ emitted by hot objects was _________________. 19. In the __________________ effect, _______________, called photoelectrons, are emitted from a ________________ surface when light of a certain frequency, or higher than a certain frequency, shines of the surface. 20. A beam of light has _________________ and _________________ properties. 21. Extending Planck’s idea of quantized energy, ________________ calculated that a photon’s energy depends on its frequency. 22. The light of the ______________ sign is produced by passing ______________through a tube filled with neon gas. 23. Neon’s atomic _______________ spectrum consists of several individual lines of _____________ corresponding to the frequencies of the radiation emitted by the atoms of neon. 24. Each element’s atomic emission spectrum is _____________ and can be used to identify an ________________ or determine whether that element is port of an unknown compound. 25. ______________ proposed that the _______________ atom has only certain allowable _______________ states. 26. The lowest allowable energy state of an atom is called its _______________ state. 27. He suggested that the electron in a hydrogen atom moves around the _____________ in certain allowed circular ______________. 28. Bohr suggested that the hydrogen atom is in the ______________ state, also called the ________________ energy level, when its ______________ electron is in the n=1 ______________. 29. Because only certain atomic energies are possible, only certain _______________ of electromagnetic radiation can be emitted. 30. The movements of ________________ are not completely understood even now; however, substantial evidence indicates that electrons do not move around the nucleus in ________________ orbits. 31. The ___ ___________ equation predicts that all moving particles have ____________ characteristics. 32. The ________________ uncertainty principle states that it is fundamentally impossible to know precisely both the ______________ and _______________ of a particle at the same time. 33. The Heisenberg uncertainty principle also means that it is impossible to assign fixed paths for _______________ like the circular orbits in Bohr’s model. 34. The wave function predicts a three-dimensional region around the _____________, called an _____________ orbital, which describes the _________________ probable location. 35. _________________ are labeled ____, _____, _____, or _____ according to the shapes of the atom’s orbital. 36. The arrangement of electrons in an atom is called the atom’s _____________ configuration. 37. The most ____________, lowest - _____________ arrangement of the electrons is called the elements ground – state electron configuration. 38. The ______________ principle states that each electron occupies the _____________ energy orbital available. 39. ________________ in orbitals can be represented by ______________ in boxes. 40. The ______________ exclusion principle states that a maximum of _________ electrons can occupy a single atomic orbital, but only if the electrons have ______________ spins. 41. _______________ rule states that single electrons with the same spin must occupy each equal – energy orbital before additional electrons with opposite _____________ can occupy the same orbitals.