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Memory
Storage
By: George Martinez,
Hansel Morales, and Ivan
Atkinson-Shiffrin Theory
- Sensory Memory
- Short-term Memory
- Long-term Memory
Sensory Memory
- Holds information only an instant
- Echoic memory
- Iconic memory
- George Sperling’s sensory memory experiment
- Change blindness
Short-term Memory
- Up to 30 seconds
- George Miller
- 7 ±2
- Chunking and Rehearsal
Working Memory
- Combination of Short-term memory, attention as well as other components
- Active use rather than Passive storage
- 4 ±1
- 3 parts
- Phonological loop
- Visuospatial sketchpad
- Central executive
Long Term Memory
Def: relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information
for a long time thus making the capacity of Long Term Memory staggering.
- Divided into two substructures
- Explicit and Implicit
- https://vimeo.com/24218714
John Von Neumann
- distinguished mathematician and statistics expert that created a theory that
the size of 2.8x10^20( 280 Quintillion) bits which means that our storage
capacity for the human brain is virtually unlimited.
- Contributed greatly to social sciences including Psychology
- John Neumann’s “The Computer and the Brain”
Examples of the Two Substructures
Episodic:
-Reminiscing about your first kiss
-Remembering your first day at a job
Remembering your wedding day
Semantic:
- Knowing that grass is green
- Knowing how to use a phone
- Remembering what a dog is
Substructures of Long Term Memory
- Explicit Memory: can be subdivided into episodic and semantic memory.
- This can be seen as the “who, what, where, when and why” type of memory.
- Episodic: Long term memories of specific events such as what you did yesterday
or your High School graduation.
- Semantic Memory: These are memories of facts, concepts, names, general
knowledge. (the “little things”)
Difference between Semantic and Episodic
- Demonstrated in certain cases of amnesia(memory loss).
- Someone with amnesia might forget entirely who they are; name, family, career
and all other vital information- yet still be able to talk, know what words mean
and just have general knowledge of the world such as what day it is.
- That being that episodic memory is impaired, but semantic memory remains.
Implicit Memory
- Definition: Memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without a
conscious recollection of that experience.
- Also referred to as Nondeclarative memory since no one is able to consciously
bring it to awareness.
- Broken down into Procedural and Priming.
- Allows you to do things by rote(from memory).
Procedural
- Enables us to carry out commonly learned tasks without consciously thinking
about them.
- Known as our “how to” knowledge.
- E.g. include riding a bike, tying a shoe, or washing dishes.
Priming
- Priming is the implicit memory effect in which exposure to a stimulus influences
response to a later stimulus.
- For example, a person who sees the word "yellow" will be slightly faster to
recognize the word "banana." This happens because yellow and banana are
closely associated in our memory.
- Priming can be used to train a person’s brain in both positive and negative ways.
How memory is organized
- Memory is not randomly stored but organized in a careful and specific pattern.
-
Example: Recall the 12 months in order, or recite A to Z. Then try doing it in reverse. See how much longer it takes for both. Your memory organized them in a
particular way.
- Researchers have found that if people are encouraged to organized material,
their memories of the material improve.
- There are two theories that Psychologists use to explain long-term memory
organization: Schemas and connectionist networks.
Schemas: What is it?
- Theory devised by either Frederick Bartlett or Jean Piaget
- Preexisting mental concept or framework that helps organize information
-
Prior encounters influence how information is stored as well as how we act
-
Can be used to recall information
- Schemas claim that long term memory is not exact, and thus reconstruct rest
- Script: A schema that has information about physical features,people and
typical occurrences
-
Help organize our storage of memories about events
-
Bartlett
Example: Knowing who is a waiter on a restaurant over a chef or manager
Piaget
Connectionist Networks
- Founded by Edward Thorndike
- Also known as Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP)
- Unlike schemas, memories are electrical impulses, organized by neurons; Any
knowledge is stored among neurons and not limited by location
- Spread across cerebral cortex that are organized by sets of neurons that are
routinely activated together
- Consistent with how the brain functions,allowing emulation
Where memory is stored
- Karl Lashley tried to find out where memory is stored using rats to find the
correct path in the maze; his conclusion was that memory isn’t stored in a
specific part on the brain
- Today many researchers believe memory is stored in specific neurons and that
the brain chemicals may write what is stored as memory
- An experiment done was with a sea slug who was prodded into retracting it’s
gill on touch
- Long-Term potentiation: If two neurons are activated at the same time, the
connection, and maybe memory is strengthen.
Brain Structures
- Many parts of the brain are involved in memory; There is no main brain
structure, but there are specific parts that involve the aspects of memory
- Explicit: Hippocampus transfers information to the frontal lobe which are
involved in retrospective(remembering the past) and prospective
(remembering things you need to do in the future) Right lobe is more active for
retrieving, left lobe for encoding new ones
- Implicit: Cerebellum is used to perform skills
- Both are used for priming
Sources
“The Human Memory”- www.human-memory.net/memory.net/types_long.html
“Very Well”- www.verywell.com/implicit-and-explicit-memory-2795346
“Schema”- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22974006
https://www.etsu.edu/fsi/learning/schematheory.aspx
http://www.leydesdorff.net/vonneumann/