Download Lead-acid batteries are used in conventional cars and

Lead-Acid
Lead-acid batteries are used in conventional cars and trucks for starting, ignition, lighting and other
electrical functions.
They are relatively inexpensive and have a high power density but a relatively low energy density.
Nickel-Metal-Hydride
Nickel-Metal hydride (Ni-MH) batteries are commonly used in today’s hybrid vehicles, and in lowcost consumer applications, such as electric razors, toothbrushes, cameras and camcorders.
Their cost is moderate and they have an energy density about twice that of lead-acid batteries. However,
their power density is lower in terms of volume (space required).
They also have a higher self-discharge rate and so tend to discharge when left unused. Although they are
capable of delivering rapid power bursts, repeated rapid discharges with high loads reduce
the battery’s cycle life.
Consequently, they are better suited to hybrid applications than BEVs, which typically experience deep
discharge cycles.
Lithium-ion (Li-ion)
Lithium-ion batteries are commonly used in cell phones and laptop computers and they are becoming
the battery of choice for plug-in hybrids and BEVs, as well as some conventional hybrids.
Their energy density and power density are both
typically several times those of lead-acid and NiMH batteries, and their charge/discharge efficiency is also
higher.
They are, however, more expensive and in their most common form their temperature must be
well controlled, sometimes necessitating an elaborate and costly battery cooling system in the vehicle.
Because of their high energy density, lithium-ion batteries are the preferred choice for many plug-in
hybrids and BEVs either currently or soon to be available.
Lithium Polymer (Li-poly)
The lithium polymer battery is similar to other lithium-ion batteries except it uses a solid plastic (polymer)
electrolyte. This means its cell shape is not restricted to the cylindrical form of most others and can
be altered to conform to specific spaces within a vehicle, thus making better use of space.
Its other characteristics are similar to those of other Li-ion batteries. Li-poly batteries are already
being used in some hybrid vehicles.
Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)
There are several Lithium-ion battery variants. These variants change according to internal chemistry,
specifically the material used in the battery’s cathode. The most common cathode materials are cobalt
oxides and manganese oxides.
The Lithium iron phosphate battery uses lithium-ion chemistry but with an iron phosphate cathode. (F is
the chemical symbol for iron, thus LFP). Compared to other Lithium-ion batteries, it offers superior
heat and chemical stability with no risk of fire in the event of overcharge or short circuit.
It also typically has a higher peak-power rating, but its energy density is significantly lower than in other
Lithium-based batteries.
Lithium iron phosphate batteries are now being used in hybrids and BEVs by some automakers, who
consider that their safety and power advantages outweigh their lower energy density.
Batteries types in hybrid cars:
Toyota prius :
Expect the Toyota Prius to use lithium-ion batteries when it's redesigned for the 2015 model year. That's the
latest from Hideki Iba, general manager of Toyota's battery division, though he cautions that the new battery
technology may not make it to entry-level Prius models due to cost.
The switch to lithium-ion batteries would be a big one for Toyota, as the Prius has used nickel-metal hydride
(NiMH) batteries since it debuted as a compact sedan for the 1999 model year. While many competitors
already offer the newer lithium-ion technology, Toyota has stuck it out with NiMH -- primarily due to
production costs.
But lithium-ion batteries offer several benefits that NiMH units can't match. Chief among them is weight
savings: Lithium-ion batteries can store more energy in a smaller area than NiMH batteries. That means
automakers who use lithium-ion technology can save weight and boost gas mileage.
The other benefit of lithium-ion batteries is that they don't have a "memory effect" -- a problem commonly
associated with NiMH batteries. The memory effect occurs when batteries are recharged before they're fully
depleted, which gradually leads to a capacity loss. Because NiMH batteries suffer from this problem, they
don't last as long as lithium-ion batteries -- and that can mean costly battery replacement for drivers. It can also
lead to excessive battery disposal, which will harm the environment.
Beyond battery technology, Toyota is also said to be focusing on weight savings for the 2015 Prius. The brand
says new architecture should cut weight by a whopping 20 percent, which will likely lead to big fuel economy
gains.
While Toyota has not yet announced any other details about the 2015 Prius, we're excited to see it hit the
streets -- especially considering it's the runaway sales leader among hybrids. We expect Toyota to reveal the
next-generation Prius sometime this year, with sales starting soon after.
Prius Battery Specifications:
There are two batteries found in a Prius. The first is a lead-acid (Pb-A) 12v accessory battery which is commonly
found in most vehicles on the road. The second is the main hybrid driving battery, which is specific to hybrid electric
vehicles (HEV) and electric vehicles (EV). We at TPB are primarily concerned with the latter.
Starting in 2004 to the current models, the standard Prius battery is a Panasonic Metal Case Prismatic Module. Prior
to 2004 and as early as 2000 the battery used was a Panasonic Plastic Case Prismatic Module. The first generation
was sold only in Japan. Of the 70,000 sold a small but significant number of vehicles had problems with the battery
pack. Furthermore, the battery pack was so large it took up the entire space between the trunk and the cabin. This
led to changes in the Generation II models whose stacks were significantly smaller and far more reliable.
97 Prius
00 Prius
04 Prius
2010 Prius
(Generation I)
(Generation II) (Generation III) (Generation IV)
Japan Only
Form Factor
Cylindrical
Prismatic
Prismatic
Prismatic
Cells (Modules)
240 (40)
228 (38)
168 (28)
168 (28)
Nominal Voltage
288.0 V
273.6 V
201.6 V
201.6 V
Nominal Capacity
6.0Ah
6.5Ah
6.5Ah
6.5Ah
Specific Power
800 W/kg
1000 W/kg
1300 W/kg
1310 W/kg
Specific Energy
40 Wh/kg
46 Wh/kg
46 Wh/kg
44 Wh/kg
Module Weight
1090g
1050g
1045g
1040g
19.6x106x275
19.6x106x285
19.6x106x285
Module Dimensions 35(oc)x384(L)
Ford fusion: Despite the weight savings and environmental benefits associated with lithiumion batteries, few of the Fusion Hybrid's competitors have adopted the technology. The Toyota Prius,
for example, still uses nickel-metal-hydride batteries in all versions except its latest plug-in model, as
does the Honda Insight. Only the latest hybrid models, including the newly redesigned Honda
Civic and Chevrolet Malibu Eco, also make use of lithium-ion technology.