Download Ag Apps: Global Agriculture

Progress in Ag Part 2
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Soil improvement and crop rotation (late
1890’s) - George Washington Carver
developed crop rotations and the use of
legumes (plants that “make” their own
nitrogen, ie. peanuts) to significantly improve
soil fertility in the U.S. south
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Seed planter (1834) and Cotton planter
(1836) - Henry Blair
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Barbed wire (1874) Joseph Glidden –
dramatically changed raising livestock.
Barbed wire tattoos came much later
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Perishable food preservation (1879) Thomas
Elkins designed a device that helped with the
task of preserving perishable foods by way of
refrigeration
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Gene gun (1987) John Sanford developed a
device for injecting cells with genetic
information.
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GPS technology (1993) – tractor based GPS
systems together with sophisticated GIS
(Geographic Information Systems) uses a wide
variety of techniques to gather data such as
soil condition, humidity, temperature and
other variables , which the system then uses
to control such things as intensity of
planting, application of fertilizer and
pesticides, watering schedules, etc.
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Robotic milking Machines (late 1990’s) – First
used in Ontario, Canada. Many benefits one
of which is reduction in labor. Initial cost is
primary disadvantage especially to small
producer.
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What is a land grant university?
Definition: An institution designated by its
state legislature to receive funding (Morrill
Acts of 1862 &1890) to teach agriculture,
military tactics and the mechanical arts. A key
component is the agricultural experiment
station (Hatch Act 1887).
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North Carolina A&T (1890) Greensboro, NC
North Carolina State University (1887)
Raleigh, NC
Clemson University (1889) Clemson, SC
University of Georgia (1785) Athens, GA
University of Tennessee (1794) Knoxville, TN
Virginia Tech. University (1872) Blacksburg,
VA
Why
were they
established?
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Established to assist farmers, ranchers and
the general public with information,
professional assistance and, in some cases,
funding
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USDA (1862) – United States Department of
Agriculture provides leadership on food,
agriculture, natural resources, rural
development, nutrition, and related issues
based on sound public policy, the best
available science, and efficient management.
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NRCS (1935) - Natural Resource Conservation
Service
APHIS (1972) – Animal and Plant Health
Inspection Service
NASS (1863) – National Agricultural Statistics
Service
USFS (1905) –United States Forest Service mission
is to sustain the health, diversity, and
productivity of the nation’s forests and
grasslands to meet the needs of present and
future generations.
FSA- Farm Service Agency
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NCCES (1914) North Carolina Cooperative
Extension Service -to help, individuals,
families, and communities put research –
based knowledge to work for economic
prosperity, environmental stewardship and an
improved quality of life.
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North Carolina Department of Agriculture and
Consumer Services (NCDA&CS) – To provide
services that promote and improve
agriculture
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Fruits and Vegetables
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Peaches - China
Tomato – South America
Peanut – Peru, South America
Sweet potato – Central America
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Grain, Oil and Fiber Crops
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Corn – Cuba, Mexico
Soybeans – Southeast Asia
Cotton – Mexico, Africa, Pakistan
Wheat – Southwest Asia (Syria, Jordan, Turkey,
India)
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Regions develop based on a variety of factors
including soils, weather, market
development, feed availability, etc.
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Citrus fruit – Florida, Texas and California
Corn belt – Includes all or parts of these
Midwestern states: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,
Iowa, Minnesota, South Dakota, Missouri,
Kansas and Nebraska.
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Wheat –
◦ Hard Red Spring Wheat – (highest protein content,
excellent bread wheat, superior milling and baking
characteristics)Minnesota, North and South Dakota,
Montana, Idaho, (also Oregon, Washington,
California)
◦ Soft Red Winter Wheat – (high yielding, low protein,
used for cakes, biscuits, pastries) Several
southeastern states including North Carolina,
Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia and others, as well
as Midwestern states including Ohio, Indiana,
Illinois, Missouri and others.
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Spearmint – Washington, Oregon, Idaho
Floriculture crops- California, Florida,
Michigan, Texas, North Carolina
Beef cattle – Texas, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa,
Colorado, Oklahoma, Missouri, South Dakota
(corn belt area)
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Dairy – Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio,
Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New
Hampshire, Massachusetts, Maine, (California,
Idaho and Texas are leading producers but
are not located in this region).
Hogs – North Carolina and Iowa, Illinois,
Indiana, Minnesota (Corn belt area)
Poultry (broilers) – Several southern and
southeastern states including North Carolina,
Georgia, Alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi,
Texas
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NC is divided into three basic geographic and
agricultural regions; mountains, piedmont
and coastal plains. (Although counties from
another region may currently rank higher in
production of a particular commodity)
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Christmas trees
Apples
Trout
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Greenhouse and Nursery crops
Broilers
Turkeys
Dairy
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Hogs
Turkeys
Broilers
Tobacco- flue-cured
Sweet potatoes
Vegetables
Peanuts---------
Cotton
Corn
Soybeans (world’s most important source of
vegetable oil).
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Statewide exceeds $10,000,000,000 ($10B)
annually
Livestock, Dairy and Poultry generate
approximately 2/3 of all farm cash receipts.
Broilers and hogs account for nearly half of
this amount.
Crops generate approximately 1/3 of all farm
cash receipts with greenhouse, nursery,
floriculture and Christmas trees currently
being the leaders in this category
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Global outlook
◦ 1.The world population will continue to grow with
expectations of 9 billion humans on the planet by
2050.
 More children survive to adulthood worldwide.
 More adults are living longer worldwide.
◦ 2.Population growth will:
 Add stress to environmental systems of air, water, soil and
natural resources.
 Create challenges to meet demands for food and fiber.
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Genetically engineered crops – ie. a bioengineered tomato that resists rotting.
New fuel sources – ie. biodiesel from animal
fat
Human nutrition – ie. decreasing the amount
of animal fat in the diet and raising the
proportion of fat from vegetable sources.
Satellite technology (gps) – ie. to determine
various nutrient levels/deficiencies in plants
1.Agriculture will always be an essential
industry.
◦ Food is essential to life (an iPad is not).
◦ Clothing and shelter are basic needs of humans;
(smartphones are not).
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Food insecurity – An issue of global
importance. Defined as not knowing where a
human will find their next meal. Or, the
situation where people need to live with
hunger and fear starvation. Food insecurity
results from several factors including climate
issues, urban development, corrupt
governments, population growth and oil price
shifts.
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Sustainability – Rests on the principle that we
must meet the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.
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Organic Food Production – Organic crops are
raised without using most conventional
pesticides, petroleum-based fertilizers, or
sewage sludge-based fertilizers. Organically
raised animals must be fed organic feed and
be given access to the outdoors. Antibiotics
and growth hormones may not be used in
organic production. Organic sales account for
more than 3% of all U.S. food sales
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GMO’s (genetically modified organisms) –
Combing genes from different organisms
results in an organism being called
genetically modified or transgenic.
Controversies surrounding this practice
include safety, ethics, labeling and others.
European countries will not purchase GMO
foods from the US resulting in fewer exports
to these countries.
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Local Food Movement – No universally
accepted definition but can be defined in
terms of geographic proximity of producer to
consumer. Is a very popular concept in the
U.S. in regards to food safety, food freshness,
and reduction of environmental impact due to
shorter shipping distances.
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CSA’s (Community Supported Agriculture) –
are direct-to-consumer programs in which
consumers buy shares of a local farms
projected harvest. Consumers often pay for
their share of the harvest up front which
distributes risk between the farmer and the
consumers. Participants often pick up their
share regularly in a communal local or the
shares are delivered directly to the consumer.
USDA estimates as many as 2500 CSA’s are
operating nationally
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Water (quantity and quality) – in the US water
shortages are a major issue in the western portion of
the nation where expanding cities needs such as
Denver, are competing with farmers needs for the
same diminishing water resources. In New York the
aquifer that underlies Long Island represents the only
drinking water for the 3 million plus residents that
use it. In the Southeastern US, including North
Carolina, Water Wars have become common place. In
Third World countries a safe water supply is a luxury.
In most areas of the world, supplies of safe water
have become generally insufficient because of
misuse, poor management, waste, pollution and
climate change.
Examples of 2 year degrees…
Aquaculture Technology
Equine Business and Training
Fish and Wildlife Management Technology
Forest Management Technology
Golf Course Management
Greenhouse and Grounds Maintenance
Horticulture Technology
Landscape Gardening
Marine Sciences
Poultry Management
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Sustainable Agriculture
Swine Management
Turfgrass Management
Viticulture Technology
Agricultural Biotechnology
Environmental Science Biotechnology
Agribusiness Management
Field Crops Technology
General Agriculture
Livestock and Poultry Management
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Agricultural Economics
Agricultural Education
Animal Science
Biological Engineering
Landscape Architecture
Agricultural and Environmental Technology
Food Science
Plant and Soil Science
Poultry Science
Genetics
Horticultural Science