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US History
Fort Burrows
Topic 0, Part 2
Vocabulary:
Battle of Bull Run – 1st major battle of the Civil War, fought in Virginia in 1861
Virginia – ironclad Confederate warship used to break the Union blockade
Monitor – ironclad Union warship
Battle of Antietam – 1862, battle in Maryland; day-long battle, more than 23,000 soldiers killed or wounded
Battle of Chancellorsville – an 1863 Civil War battle in Virginia; important victory for the Confederacy
Battle of Fredericksburg – an 1862 Civil War battle in Virginia; one of the Union’s worst defeats
Battle of Shiloh – 1862, battle in Tennessee, Union victory, also the bloodiest battle of the Civil War
Gen – General; as in the Army
tributaries – a river or stream flowing into a larger river
Strategies for Victory
 The Union planned an aggressive campaign; attack and move in -- OFFENSIVE
 The South planned to hold tight until the North lost the will to fight:
protect what you already have -- DEFENSIVE
 Union 4-Part Plans
 1. Blockade Southern ports; cut off the South’s supply of manufactured goods from Europe
 2. In the East, seize Richmond, Virginia the Confederate capital;
quickly capture the Confederate government
 3. In the West, seize control of the Mississippi River;
prevent the South from
using the river to supply its troops
 4. This maneuver would also separate Arkansas, Texas, and Louisiana
from the rest of the Confederacy
 Confederate 4-Part Plans
 1. Fight a strictly defensive war until the Northerners tired of fighting
 2. When the war became unpopular in the North, Lincoln would stop the
fighting and recognize the South’s independence
 3. The Confederacy counted on aid from Europe
 4. Cotton was grown in the South; European textile mills needed their cotton
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Europe, in need of this Southern cotton, would recognize the Confederacy as an
independent nation, Thus, continue to buy the South’s primary resource -- COTTON
 Every day for more than a month, the New York Tribune published this on the front-page of their
newspaper
“Forward to Richmond! Forward to Richmond!”
 Giving into popular public pressure, Lincoln ordered an ATTACK!!!
 Battle of Bull Run
 July 21, 1861, Union troops left Washington, D.C.
 They headed toward South’s capitol - Richmond, Virginia, 100 miles away
 Washingtonians, civilians from Washington, D.C., rode along with the troops to watch the
battle
 The two armies met up near a small stream in Virginia know as Bull Run
 The Battle of Bull Run showed both armies that their men needed training; also, it would be a
long and bloody war!
*** TAKS 8.8 B ¿¿ What was the significance of the Battle of Bull Run ?
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1 of of Printer Notes pre-show Topic 0 Part 2
US History
Fort Burrows
 Caution, Delay, and Retreat
 After the Bull Run disaster, Lincoln appointed #2 General George
McClellan as Commander of the Union Army of the East
 This group was known as the Army of the Potomac
*** What is Potomac ? _____________________________________________________
 President Lincoln lost his patience; “If Gen McClellan does not want to use the army, I would
like to borrow it.”
 McClellan got the point; in March he sailed his troops down the Potomac; landing South of
Richmond, heading toward the Confederate capital
 Naval Action
 Union ships blockaded Southern ports delivery rate to 1 out of 10 ships;
cutting supplies by 90%
 The Confederates took an abandoned Union warship, covered it with iron plates and named it
the CSS Virginia
 On the Virginia’s maiden voyage, she destroyed two Union ships and ran three aground
 Union cannonballs bounced harmlessly off the Virginia’s metal skin
 The Union countered with its own ironclad ship the USS Monitor
 The two ships clashed near Hampton Roads, VA; after an exhausting battle neither vessel was
seriously damaged
** TAKS 8.8 B ¿¿ How did the battle between the Virginia and the Monitor change warfare at sea ?
1.________________________________________________________________________
2.________________________________________________________________________
3.________________________________________________________________________
4.________________________________________________________________________.
 Antietam
 September 1862, Lee takes offensive and marched his troops North into
Maryland
 McClellan attacked Lee’s main force at Antietam (an TEE tuhm), Sept 17
 After a day long battle, 23,000 Union and Confederate soldiers were dead or wounded
 At night fall, Lee retreated back to Virginia
 Neither side was a clear winner of the Battle of Antietam even though the
North claimed a victory due to the retreat; a huge morale boost for the Yankees
 Lincoln was disappointed that McClellan did not follow the retreating
Confederate army to insure a Northern victory
 Lincoln replaced McClellan with #3 General Ambrose Burnside
2 of of Printer Notes pre-show Topic 0 Part 2
US History
Fort Burrows
Confederate Victories in the East
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Two stunning victories for the Confederates
1st – the Battle of Fredericksburg; one of the Union’s worst defeats
Confederate guns mowed down wave after wave of Union soldiers
Burnside’s Union Army lost 13,000 men compared to 5,000 men for the South
2nd – the Battle of Chancellorsville
Lee combined troops with Stonewall; three days of fighting produced another Southern victory
Union Victories in the West Lincoln’s New Hero
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Union strategy for the West was to capture and control the Mississippi River
General Ulysses S Grant was in charge for the Union
February 1862, Grant attacked and captured Forts Henry and Donelson in Tennessee
These Confederate forts guarded important tributaries of the Mississippi River
Grant showed his toughness and determination by winning a 3rd battle, the
Battle of Shiloh; one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War
 The Union Navy captured New Orleans and Memphis, Tennessee
 By capturing these two ‘port’ cities, the Union controlled both end of the Mississippi River;
Ole Man River became a Yankee
 South could no longer use the river as a supply line
1. What strategies did each side adopt to win the war ?
Union – __________________________________________________________________
Confederate – __________________________________________________________________
2. How did early encounters dispel hopes for a quick end to the war ?
1. ________________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________________
3. What victories did the Confederate achieve ?
1. ___________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________
4.
What victories did the Union achieve ?
1. ___________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________
3 of of Printer Notes pre-show Topic 0 Part 2