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Egypt Overview Geography Nile River Lower Egypt Upper Egypt Sinai Peninsula Old Kingdom c. 3100-2200 BCE First Intermediate Period Rise of the Nomarchs c. 2200-2100 Middle Kingdom c. 2100 – 1650 BCE Second Intermediate Period Rule of Hyksos c. 1650-1570 BCE Ceremonial Axe shows Ahmose I smiting Hyksos Hyksos King Nefertiti, Wife of Akhnaton King Tut New Kingdom & Empire c. 1550-700 BCE Pharaoh’s of the New Kingdom Ahmose r. c. 1550-1525 BCE Modesty box Born when Hyksos controlled N. Egypt (declaring themselves Pharaoh) and S. Egypt threatened by Nubians Hyksos tried to get Nubians on their side to finish the conquest. Brother Kamose 1st tried to fight, but died fighting Age 10, Ahmose became pharaoh. Age 20, he defeated the Hyksos and took his rightful place a Pharaoh of all Egypt. Next step: Strengthen Egypt. By death: reunited Egypt, expanded into Sinai Peninsula and Nubia. Increased wealth with Nubian gold. Hatshepsut r. c. 1479-1458 Extremely unusual to have a female pharaoh Father Tuthmosis I May have seen ruling ability in her at a young age Brother/husband Tuthmosis II Weak Pharaoh, she may have been the power behind the throne Stepson Tuthmosis III She started as his regent, but kept power Promoted her mythology through propaganda – Father WANTED her to rule, daughter of chief god, portrayed in pictures as a man Could not lose battles and be blamed, so used army for successful expedition to Punt (Somalia) to seek riches. This also kept her stepson’s army busy After death, her stepson erased almost all memory of her. Hatshepsut http://dsc.discovery.com/videos/hatshepsutman-and-woman.html http://dsc.discovery.com/videos/hatshepsut-more-powerfulthan-cleopatra.html Tuthmosis III r. c. 14581425 Forced to wait 20 years for his rightful throne. Step one: Prove power King of Kaddesh allied with others to defeat the Egyptians as hegemons. Threatened trade and influence over the sea. Tuthmosis brought 20,000 soldiers to Megiddo (also scribes – 1st war correspondents) Surprise attack, enemy army fled into Megiddo. 7 month siege of Megiddo - Starvation led to surrender. - Wealth of the city enriched Egypt. - Forced children of his enemies to grow up in Egypt before returning home. - Also placed an overseer in Nubia (South of Egypt) to ensure gold flowed into Egypt. - By his death Egypt controlled more land then ever before. biggest empire ever ruled by a king. Amenhotep III r. c. 13901352 Took power at Egypt’s height Still had to protect Egypt from jealous rivals (Babylonians, Assyrians, Mitani – all Mesopotamian) Decided to use diplomacy. Letters not swords. Exchanges of gifts (including Egyptian gold), but never Egyptian princesses. No foreigners should have claim to the throne. Ignored tradition & married a commoner Name means “Amen is satisfied” Built up temples to Amen, but enriched & empowered priests who tired to control him. Switched interest to Aten – big impact on the future! Akenhaten r. c. 1352-1336 Original name: Amenhotep IV Inherited a peaceful, wealthy kingdom Encouraged new art – rejected tradition Reined in power of priests by becoming monotheistic! Aten only! http://dsc.discovery.com/videos/into-the-unknown-tuts-dad.html Pre-dates Judaism Originally tolerant to polytheism Built a new capital away from power of priests Amarna – out in the desert Entire gov’t of Thebes (20,000) forced to move 200 miles. Life there was good??? After death of wife Nefertiti, polytheism not tolerated Lost touch with outside world & threats to Egypt Egypt's enemies gained strength His death may have saved Egypt – all moved back to Thebes Son, King Tutankhamen (King Tut) died at 19 years old. Ramses II (r. c. 1279 – 1212) Father, Seti I, was born a commoner. Took the throne due to military skill (built Avaris in North) Ramses became Pharaoh at age 15 Immediately faced challenge from Hittites (Anatolia) 1267 Captured Kadesh, important trading town in Palestine Fought many battles over this town, but negotiated a truce in the end. Ramses married a Hittite Princess to seal the deal. Built many great temples & Statues 1220 BCE battled the sea people! Destroyed the Hittites & others, not Egypt Lived to be 93 years old (avg. 40 yrs) 150 years later, the New Kingdom would be gone. What followed? c. 950 BCE – c. 730 BCE: Libyan Pharaohs c. 730 – 671 BCE: Kushite Pharaohs (Nubian) c. 671 BCE: Assyrian conquest c. 525 BCE: Persian conquest c. 332 BCE: Greek conquest of Egypt (Alexander the Great) c. 30 BCE: Roman conquest of Egypt Persian conquest of Egypt 525 BCE Greek/Macedonian conquest of Egypt 332 BCE Roman Conquest of Egypt 30 BCE