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THE CIVIL WAR BEGINS: SECTION 2 • The first battle of the Civil War (1861-1865) was fought at Fort Sumter, South Carolina on April 12, 1861 • Soon after, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee seceded (Confederate states = 11) • Virginia split on whether to leave Union (West Virginia formed) Civil War Overview • Most costly of all American wars – 620,000 deaths • 4 million freed from slavery • Transformed American society – Accelerated industrialization and modernization in the North – Largely destroyed the plantation system in the South How Did the North Win the Civil War? I. Comparing the Two Sides 1. Union Advantages: More Troops, Stronger Economy NORTH HAD ADVANTAGES • The North and South were not evenly matched • The North had many advantages including; • More people • More factories • More food production • More railroads • Better communication 2. Union Strategy: The Anaconda Plan and Attack 1. Confederate Advantages: Military Culture & King Cotton SOUTH HAD ADVANTAGES • The South had some advantages over the Northern forces • First rate military leadership • Highly motivated soldiers • Only had to defend their land – not attack North STRATEGIES • The Northern strategy going into the war included a naval blockade, a plan to split the Confederacy by going down the Mississippi river, and capturing the Confederate capital city of Richmond, Virginia • The South was content to have a defensive strategy U.S.S. St. Louis, First Eads Ironclad Gunboat II. Major Civil War Battles Year 1861 Battle Fort Sumter Who Won? C Significance Starts Civil War both sides expect short, easy war THE BATTLE OF BULL RUN • First major bloodshed of the war occurred at Bull Run near Washington, D.C. – Summer 1861 • This battle made Confederate General Thomas Jackson famous • Nicknamed “Stonewall Jackson” he inspired the Confederates to hold firm • Confederate victory boosted moral ACTUAL PHOTOS OF BULL RUN AND GENERAL JACKSON Year 1861 Battle 1st Battle of Bull Run Who Won? C Significance Ends expectation of easy, short war Year 1862 Battle 2nd Battle of Bull Run Who Won? C Significance Continued Confederate success Year 1862 Battle Antietam Who Won? U Significance A key turning point Ends chance England/France will recognize Confederacy Lincoln issues E. P. THE CLASH AT ANTIETAM • Union General George McClellan confronted Confederate General Robert E. Lee in Antietam, Maryland • The single bloodiest day in American history --- 23,000 casualties (3500 dead) • Lee and the Confederates retreated, McClellan did not follow- Lincoln fires him BLOODIEST DAY IN AMERICAN HISTORY 9/17/1862 EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION • Originally, focus on saving the union (w/ or w/o slaves) – Keep some border states in Union • As the war progressed, Lincoln used his powers to end slavery • Just as Union troops could seize Confederate supplies, Lincoln authorized the army to seize and emancipate slaves • Emancipation was not just a moral issue; it became a weapon of war CONSCRIPTION ISSUES • Both sides dealt with social unrest during the Civil War • Both President Lincoln and Confederate leader Davis suspended Writ of Habeas Corpus • Draft riots occurred in New York City as some thought draft process was unfair to the poor and immigrants DEPICTION OF NEW YORK CITY DRAFT RIOTS AFRICAN AMERICANS FIGHT FOR FREEDOM • Although only 1% of the North’s population, by the end of the war 180,000 African Americans fought for the Union (10% of Union Army) • However, they were segregated and earned lower wages • See: Glory SOLDIERS SUFFERED ON BOTH SIDES • Heavy casualties on both sides were worsened by conditions on the field • Disease, poor nutrition, and inadequate medical care were common features of the war GETTYSBURG DISEASE ACCOUNTED FOR 76% OF DEATHS IN CIVIL WAR WOMEN WORK TO IMPROVE CONDITIONS • While women were not in combat, 3,000 women served as Union nurses • Carla Barton was a famous Union nurse • Known as the “Angel on the Battlefield” she went on to form the American Red Cross after the war THE NORTH TAKES CHARGE: SECTION 3 • In a small town in Pennsylvania, the most decisive battle of the war was fought • Gettysburg was a three-day battle fought in early July of 1863 • The Union had 90,000 troops under George Meade and the Confederates had 75,000 troops under General Lee GETTYSBURG JULY, 1863 GETTYSBURG • The three-day battle produced staggering losses: 23,000 Union soldiers and 28,000 Confederate soldiers were wounded or killed • After the Confederate retreat, Lee gave up any hope of invaded the North and retreated ROBERT E. LEE Year 1863 Battle Gettysburg Who Won? U Significance Bloodiest battle of war Major Union victory GRANT WINS AT VICKSBURG • In the Spring of 1863 Union General Ulysses S. Grant fought to take Vicksburg, Mississippi • Grant ordered two frontal attacks on Vicksburg • He succeeded in splitting Confederate forces U.S. GRANT MEMORIAL Year 1863 Battle Vicksburg Who Won? U Significance Union gains control of Miss. River CONFEDERACY WEARS DOWN • After the twin defeats at Gettysburg and Vicksburg, the Confederate morale was destroyed • Many Southern soldiers had deserted • Grant and General William Tecumseh Sherman were now in control of the Union Army • They aimed to destroy the will of the Confederates UNION GENERAL SHERMAN Year 1864 Battle Atlanta Who Won? U Significance Direct attack on civilians Ensures wins 1864 election SHERMAN’S MARCH • In the spring of 1864, Sherman began his march southeast through Georgia to the coast • His troops created a path of destruction as they burned homes, destroyed livestock and railroads • After reaching the sea, his troops (included 25,000 former slaves) turned Northward ELECTION OF 1864 • Despite the war, politics continued as the North held a presidential election in 1864 • While some Northerners were dismayed as to the length of the war and Lincoln was pessimistic about his re-election, he defeated General McClellan easily DISGRUNTED GENERAL MCCLELLAN LOST 1864 ELECTION SURRENDER AT APPOMATTOX • On April 3, 1865, Union troops conquered Richmond, the Confederate capital • On April 9, 1865 in a Virginia town called Appomattox, Lee and Grant met to arrange a Confederate surrender • At Lincoln’s request the terms were generous LEE SURRENDERS TO GRANT Year 1865 Battle Appomattox Who Won? U Significance Lee surrenders DEADLY WAR BRINGS CHANGES • The Civil War was the deadliest war in American history • Over 620,000 died -nearly as many as all other U.S. wars combined • The role of the federal government increased • Economically the gap between North and South widened U.S. CIVIL WAR 1861-1865 The Union armies had from 2,500,000 to 2,750,000 men. Their losses, by the best estimates: Battle deaths: 110,070 Disease, etc.: 250,152 Total 360,222 The Confederate strength, known less accurately because of missing records, was from 750,000 to 1,250,000. Its estimated losses: Battle deaths: 94,000 Disease, etc.: 164,000 Total 258,000 War Deaths % of Total War Deaths Year for Population Estimate Estimated Population Deaths/ Population Revolutionary War 4,435 0% 1783 2,963,726 0.15% War of 1812 2,260 0% 1815 8,439,167 0.03% Mexican War 13,283 1% 1848 21,966,171 0.06% 624,511 49% 1865 35,000,846 1.78% 2,446 0% 1898 73,565,688 0.00% 116,516 9% 1918 103,262,929 0.11% 405,399 32% 1945 141,745,184 0.29% Korean War 36,516 3% 1953 159,725,011 0.02% Vietnam War 58,152 5% 1973 210,274,081 0.03% Civil War SpanishAmerican War D -World War 1 D aWorld War 2 y LINCOLN IS ASSASSINATED The play was a British comedy called, My American Cousin • On April 14, 1865 Lincoln was shot in the head while attending a play in Washington, D.C. • He was the first president ever assassinated • His killer, John Wilkes Booth escaped, but was shot and killed later • More than 7,000,000 Americans turned out to mourn -1/3rd of population GETTYSBURG ADDRESS • In November 1863, a ceremony was held to dedicate a cemetery in Gettysburg • Abe Lincoln spoke for less than two minutes, but inspired a nation with his address • Some say his Gettysburg Address “remade America” “The Words That Remade America” • Lincoln takes the country back to before the Constitution • He makes the Declaration of Independence the primary founding document • And he makes “equality” the most important American political value. – The word “equality” is not found in the Constitution • Lincoln “high jacks” the Constitution, and makes equality a national, constitutional goal. – He was “correcting” the constitution w/o directly changing it. • He makes the point that America is not a group of states, but a government – “… of the people, by the people, for the people” – And these people were conceived in liberty and dedicated to equality Effects of CW - Social Change • Women at work – Field of nursing was now open to women – Women's suffrage was given a boost by the work done by women during the war • End of slavery Effects of CW - Political • End of secession debate • Transformation of United States to a singular noun – From “these” United States to “the” United States – The Union become a Nation • Lincoln’s 1st Inaugural Address – use of “Union” = 20 • Gettysburg Address – “Union” = 0; “nation” = 5 • Lincoln’s 2nd Inaugural Address – CW to preserve “nation” Effects of CW - Political • Expansion of the Power of the Federal Government at the expense of the states – Had taxed people directed and created an agency to collect those taxes (war-time income tax) – Drafted men into the army – Created a national currency & banking system – Established the 1st national agency for social welfare – The Freedmen’s Bureau (Sect. 4.4) – 13th, 14th, & 15th Amendments limited the power of the states (start of a trend) THE TH 13 AMENDMENT • Lincoln believed a Constitutional Amendment was needed to ensure freedom for slaves • The 13th Amendment outlawing slavery was ratified in 1865 Effects of CW - Political • Political change – Radical shift of political power from South to North • Prior to war – Southerners dominated all three branches – Republicans took charge • Split between “radicals” (immediate abolition of slavery) and moderates (mainly free soilers) – Democrats mainly supported the war but criticized what Lincoln did • Peace Democrats & Copperheads opposed the war and wanted to negotiate peace Civil Liberties during the War • More concern with winning the law than protecting constitutional rights – Suspended writ of habeas corpus • People could be arrested and held w/o being told why – The draft: Conscription Act of 1863 • All men ages 20-45 liable for military service • Could avoid service by paying $300 or finding a sub – New definition of the nature of the federal union • States’ rights/nullification no longer a major issue • Supremacy of the federal government became a fact – New emphasis on equality and democracy • “a new birth of freedom” “dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal” Economic Change • “Union victory in the war destroyed the southern vision of America and ensured that the northern version would become the American version.” (McPherson) – North hurtled toward a future of industrial capitalism – More competitive, egalitarian, free-labor – The South wanted to stay the way it was antebellum • Financing the war – Tariff increases, excise taxes, first income tax • Income tax was later declared unconstitutional – “Greenbacks” issued • Modernizing northern society – Emphasized mass production and complex organizations Economic Change • Stimulated the growth of the North and West – National banking system – Morrill Tariff Act – 1st of several protective tariffs – Homestead Act (1862) • Offered 160 acres of public land for free if the land is formed for at least 5 years – Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) • Encouraged states to sell public lands to maintain agricultural and technical colleges (the A&Ms) – Pacific Railway Act (1862) • Authorized building of a transcontinental RR to link California and the west with the east