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Dr. Strong OMHS 1st Zoology: 9 weeks Benchmark Exam Study Guide Benchmark exams are required of all core academic courses. The score on your benchmark test counts 10% of your overall grade each quarter. The results of these tests therefore affect your semester average and your overall GPA!!! Section 1 - What is Zoology? Know the definition of zoology, anatomy, cytology, ecology, embryology, genetics, histology, molecular biology, parasitology, physiology, and systematic (pg. 3) Describe the differences between the following terms: organism, population, species, community, ecosystem, and biosphere. Know the types of animals found in the following phyla: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Chordata Section 2 – Organization of animal organisms ● Know these cell organelles – cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, vacuole, mitochondria ● Know the structural hierarchy in a multicellular organism – from atoms to organism (diagram pg. 10) ● List the 11 body systems that function in higher order animals. ● Know the following vocabulary terms and know how to apply them to an example or a diagram of an animal organism - dorsal, ventral, anterior, endoskeleton, exoskeleton, posterior, bilateral symmetry, radial symmetry, asymmetry, prokaryote, eukaryote, phylogeny Section 3 – Scientific Method ● Be able to distinguish between the terms accuracy, precision, fact, myth, hypothesis, theory, and scientific law. Know examples of each. ● Know the ordered steps of the scientific method. ● Know the definition of different experimental design factors such as qualitative obs., quantitative obs., independent variable, dependent variable, control variable, trials, and control group. Be able to identify these factors in an example experiment. ● Be familiar with basic rules for laboratory safety and procedures. Section 4 – Evolution 1.) Describe the following terms: Organic evolution, Natural Selection, Artificial Selection, Adaptation, Phylogeny, Common Descent. 2.) Know the contributions of Charles Darwin. Describe the experiences that helped him develop his ideas on evolution. 6.) Explain and give examples of the following types of scientific evidence that support the Theory of Evolution – a) fossils – b) vestigial structures – c) homologous structures – d) molecular biology – 9.) Know the five major geological eras are listed oldest to youngest. Briefly describe the life forms found in each. a) Archean – b) Proterozoic – c) Paleozoic – d) Mesozoic – e) Cenozoic - Dr. Strong OMHS Section 5 – Read the following situations below and identify the 5 points of Darwin’s natural selection: There are 2 types of worms: worms that eat at night (nocturnal) and worms that eat during the day (diurnal). The birds eat during the day and seem to be eating ONLY the diurnal worms. The nocturnal worms are in their burrows during this time. Each spring when the worms reproduce, they have about 500 babies but only 100 of these 500 ever become old enough to reproduce. a. What worm has natural selection selected AGAINST? _________________ FOR? ________________ Darwin's 5 points: Identify these 5 points in the scenario above. Population has variations. _________________________________________________________________ Some variations are favorable. _____________________________________________________________ More offspring are produced than survive._________________________________________________ Those that survive have favorable traits. ____________________________________________________ A population will change over time. ________________________________________________________ Section 6: ● Describe the 2-word system of taxonomy ( binomial nomenclature) that Linnaeus invented to identify species. ● Know the taxa in order from largest to smallest Kingdom…..Group of related phyla What is a dichotomous key and how is it Phylum……. “ “ classes used? Class………. “ “ orders Order……… ” “ families Family…….. “ “ genera Genus……... “ “ species Species…….the most specific organism identifier Examples – Kingdom – Phylum – Class – Order – Family – Genus – Species – Bobcat Animalia chordata mammalia carnivora felidae Lynx rufus and a Lynx : Animalia chordata mammalia carnivora felidae Lynx canadensis Describe the relationship of the bobcat and lynx: **Know the kingdoms. Use the table below to characterize the 6 kingdoms. List 5 examples from each kingdom. KINGDOM Animalia Plantae Fungi Protista Archeabacteria Eubacteria CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES