Download Weathering and Erosion

Name _______________________________
Period _________
Weathering, Erosion Deposition & Landscapes NOTES
I.
A. Weathering
__________________________________
 The breakdown of rocks without
changing the composition (only changes
size and shape)
______________
Picture:
_______________
Picture:
_________________________________
 The breakdown of rocks through
reactions that change the composition
(and size and shape)
_____________
Picture:
_____________
Picture:
Water (Hydrolysis)
“universal solvent” – can dissolve most rocks
given enough time
Biologic Activity
Physical
____________________________
Picture:
Chemical
____________________________
Picture:
Differential Weathering Examples: (Label more and less resistant layers)
Factors Affecting the Rate of Weathering
Exposure
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
Particle Size
______________
______________
______________
______________
______________
______________
______________
______________
Mineral Composition
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
Climate
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
B. Soil
Types of soil
1. Residual Soil
2. Comes from: __________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
3. Transported Soil
1. Comes from:
__________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. It is transported
3. By what process does soil get transported? __________________________
Soil Formation
• Types of weathering involved:
________________________
________________________
• Soils develop over time
– It takes _____________of
years for just one _______ of
soil to form.
• Fully developed soils consist of
distinct horizons (layers)
• Many thousands of years are
necessary to form soils
Soil Horizons (in residual soils or mature transported soils)
• A horizon
– Formed by:__________________________________
___________________________________________
– Contains the most living things
• B horizon
– Is also called/contains:_________________________
___________________________________________
• Minerals are leached by the action of water moving
through a layer of soil
• C horizon
– Formed by:__________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
New York State Soils
• Most are young (Less than 10,000 years old) Why?______________________
Human Factors that Affect Soil (we will do this together)
• Growing plants protect soil from being washed away (eroded)
• Many agricultural practices leave large areas of soil exposed to wind and rain.
– __________________________________________________________
• _____________________________________________________
• _____________________________________________________
Soil Building Practices
• _______________________________________________________________
• _______________________________________________________________
II. EROSION & DEPOSITION (Sedimentation)
A . Sediments are ___________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
B. Erosion is _______________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
C. Deposition is _____________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Sediment Factors that Affect Deposition
Size:________
____________
____________
____________
Shape :_______________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
Density:_______
_____________
_____________
_____________
REMEMBER: ______________,________________, _______________, ________________!!!!
D. Erosion & Deposition by Mass Wasting (Mass Movement)
_____________________________________________________________________________
1. Defined by:
-_________________________________________________________________
-_________________________________________________________________
-_________________________________________________________________
2. Types (of Mass Wasting/Movement)
E. Erosion & Deposition by Rivers
1. How do rivers transport sediment?
_________
_________
__
_________
Stream Velocity
2.Velocity of streams is controlled by:
– ___________________
• ______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
– __________________________________________________________________
– Stream velocity is a balance between______________
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
– Friction is exerted by the
sides of a stream
– Friction is even exerted
by the air above a stream
Gradient
• _____________________________________________________
3. PRACTICE: How much energy is required to move sediments in water? See ESRT page 6
A. What must the stream velocity be to transport a particle that is 0.006 cm?
B. What is the largest sediment that a stream with a velocity of 300cm/sec can carry?
C. What is the largest sediment that can be transported by a stream that has a velocity of 125
cm/sec?
D. Which stream velocity carried only clay particles to the depositional environment where
the shale formed?
(1) 0.02 cm/s
(2) 0.05 cm/s
(3) 10 cm/s
(4) 20 cm/s
E. The largest sediment particles that can be transported by a stream traveling at a velocity
of 200 centimeters per second are
(1) boulders
(2) cobbles
(3) pebbles
(4) sand
4.
Erosional Features of Rivers
Rounded sediment
Depositional Features of Rivers
Horizontal sorting - ________________________
_________________________________________
The farther a river carries sediment – the
rounder it becomes because of abrasion.
V- shaped valleys
Deltas - _________________________________
Top view
Side View
Floodplains - ______________________________
__________________________________________
_________________________________ _________
Meanders (erode outside of curve – deposit inside of curve)
• _________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
– ____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
F. Erosion & Deposition by Waves and Currents
1. Turbidity Current ________________________________________________________________
When sediments settle afterward, they are ____________________________________
2. Sandy shoreline features
 Rounded Sediment Beaches
 Sandbars
Barrier Islands
 Spits/Baymouth Bars

3. Longshore Current
__________________________________
__________________________________
____________________________
4. Rocky shoreline features
 Sea Caves
 Sea Arch
 Sea Stack
G. Erosion & Deposition by Wind:
• ________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________________________________
_____________________
• _______________________________
•
So a sandstorm is like a huge sandblaster
Causes pits and
frosted
sediments
Dune
Formation
H. Erosion & Deposition by Ice (Glaciers)
• _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
• Glacial movement is similar to streams:
_____________________________________________
– Ice can be thousands of feet thick and thus very
powerful.
– Surface materials (like soil) are easily removed.
Glaciers in North America over the past 2.0 x 106 years
• Ice covered most of New York several times in the
“recent” past
• Most recently about 11,000 – 15,000 ybp.
2 Types of Glaciers
• Continental
– _______________________________________
– _______________________________________
• Alpine (Valley)
– _______________________________________
– _______________________________________
Erosional Features of Glaciers
Angular sediment with parallel scratches
Depositional Features of Glaciers
• Till_________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
• ________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
• Erratic_______________________
____________________________
____________________________
– _______________________
_______________________
• U-shaped Valleys
• Drumlin- ______________________
Finger lakes – deep, narrow, U-shaped lakes
Kettle Lake formation
Moraine – pile of glacial till
• Layered and sorted sediment:________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
III. Landscapes
A. Landscape Regions of New York State (ESRT p. 2)
Plains (Lowlands) – ___________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Plateaus – _________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Mountains - ________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
Escarpment – cliff (usually between plains and
plateaus)
B. Vocabulary
1. Watershed: ________________________________________________________________
2. Relief: ______________________________________________________________________
C. Factors that affect the shape of the landscape:
1. Climate
2. People
3. Geology (see table below)
a.
b.
Water Drainage Patterns ________________________________________________
Dendritic
Radial
_________________________________
Example: Canisteo, NY
Trellis (Rectangular)
_________________________________
Example: The rim of the Adirondacks
Annular
_________________________________
Example: Finger Lakes (inlcluding York)
_________________________________
_________________________________
Example: Esopus Creek, Phoenicia, NY
IV. Sedimentary Rocks
Rock Type:
How type of rock is
formed:
Generally how rock
type is identified
How to specifically
identify
Using ESRT
Sedimentary
 __________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________
Three types
 __________________________________________________
o Composed of different sized particles
o Pebbles, sand, silt
 __________________________________________________
o Composed of decomposed plant and animal remains
 __________________________________________________
o Form by minerals precipitating out of water
Page 7
1. Shade Clastic rocks yellow
2. Shade Crystalline (chemical) rocks green
3. Shade Bioclasic rocks orange
4. What clastic rock has a grain size of .0005cm?
5. What is the difference between conglomerate and Breccia?
6. Draw the map symbol for Limestone.
7. Why is limestone classified as both crystalline and bioclastic?
8. How is bituminous coal formed?
9. How does Rock Gypsum form?
10.What is the name of the rock that will bubble with acid?
Depositional Environments - ________________________________________________________________________