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Spring 2012 Writing 20:Ocean Acidification January 19, 2012 Lecture 2 “Physiological and Ecosystem Effects of Ocean Acidification: Potential Direct and Indirect Effects Some of this lecture obtained from http://aslo.org/lectures/11_005/11_005_rfeely_sdoney.html Outline • Physiological processes – Different types – Acclimation and adaptation • Ecosystem-level effects – – – – Ecosystem concepts Different types of ecosystems Trophic cascades Biodiversity & regime shifts • Types of studies, experiments Physiological Processes • • • • • • Calcification Photosynthesis Hypercapnia (too much CO2 in blood) Nutrient uptake and limitation Reduced gene expression Sensory perception Physiological Processes • • • • • • Calcification Photosynthesis Hypercapnia (too much CO2 in blood) Nutrient uptake and limitation Reduced gene expression Sensory perception Photosynthesis • Two different species of algae • OA could lead to shifts in algal species composition Physiological Processes • • • • • • Calcification Photosynthesis Hypercapnia (too much CO2 in blood) Nutrient uptake and limitation Reduced gene expression Sensory perception Sensory perception Outline • Physiological processes – Different types – Acclimation and adaptation • Ecosystem-level effects – – – – Ecosystem concepts Different types of ecosystems Trophic cascades Biodiversity & regime shifts • Types of studies, experiments Acclimation means the ability of an organism to change its phenotype, or expressed trait so that it can survive in an environment as it changes. Adaptation means the ability of a population of organisms to change its genotype, or its genes in the DNA, over successive generations (evolution). - generation times are important - genetic diversity is important Example of possible acclimation Byrne et al. 2011, Mar. Biol. Outline • Physiological processes – Different types – Acclimation and adaptation • Ecosystem-level effects – – – – Ecosystem concepts Different types of ecosystems Trophic cascades Biodiversity & regime shifts • Types of studies, experiments Ecosystem • Definition: A spatial explicit unit of Earth where living things and the environment interact • Perturbations (like ocean acidification) can have various direct and indirect effects: – Shifts in species composition and trophic cascade (food web) effects – Temporal and spatial shifts in ecosystem functions – All of these can change the structure, energy flow, and other functions of the ecosystem => regime shift Different Types of Ecosystems Likely to be Affected by OA • • • • • Tropical coral reefs Pelagic ecosystems (pelagic = open water) Coastal/ benthic (benthic = bottom substrate) Deep sea High latitude Outline • Physiological processes – Different types – Acclimation and adaptation • Ecosystem-level effects – – – – Ecosystem concepts Different types of ecosystems Trophic cascades Biodiversity & regime shifts • Types of studies, experiments Outline • Physiological processes – Different types – Acclimation and adaptation • Ecosystem-level effects – – – – Ecosystem concepts Different types of ecosystems Trophic cascades Biodiversity & regime shifts • Types of studies, experiments Regime shifts Kroeker et al. 2011 PNAS Outline • Physiological processes – Different types – Acclimation and adaptation • Ecosystem-level effects – – – – Ecosystem concepts Different types of ecosystems Trophic cascades Biodiversity & regime shifts • Types of studies, experiments http://www.whoi.edu/OCB-OA/FAQs/ http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Ocean+Acidification http://oceanacidification.wordpress.com/ http://tos.org/oceanography/issues/issue_archive/22_4.html http://www.us-ocb.org/publications/OCB_OA_rept.pdf http://www.whoi.edu/sites/OceanAcidificationMeeting