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Physical Development Individual human development encompasses the changes that people experience from conception until death. Development is often characterised by milestones that are predictable and occur in a sequential order. Examples: Learning to walk Learning to interact with others Puberty Dimensions of human development Physical Social Intellectual Emotional Interrelated Physical Social Intellectual Emotional Physical Development Changes that occurs to the body and its systems. Includes external changes that you can see such as: Height Weight Internal changes: Increasing size of the heart Physical Development GROWTH e.g. people get bigger until the end of puberty INCREASES IN COMPLEXITY e.g. structures within the brain become more complex MOTOR SKILL DEVELOPMENT FINE MOTOR SKILLS e.g. writing, cutting with scissors, tying shoelaces DECLINE OF BODY SYSTEMS e.g. wrinkling of the skin, reduced functioning of the respiratory system GROSS MOTOR SKILLS e.g. running, throwing a ball, riding a bike Motor Skills Gross Motor Skills: Refer to movements that involve large muscle groups such as walking, throwing, skipping and kicking Fine Motor Skills: Involve control over the smaller muscle groups such as those used for writing, tying shoelaces, cutting with scissors and manipulating the mouth to speak Growth and Development of Body Systems From early in the uterus, the embryo begins to develop the cells that will become the vital organs and systems required to sustain life in the outside world. The changes in size and increase in complexity that take place in these organs and systems are important parts of physical development. Examples of systems in our body Circulatory System Immune System Respiratory System Cardiovascular System Digestive System Muscular System Nervous System Reproductive System Skeletal System Growth refers to organs and systems getting bigger in size. Much growth occurs during puberty, which is why youth is considered a rapid growth period along with the prenatal and infancy stages. Childhood is characterised by slow and steady growth, while the three adulthood stages are predominantly periods of maintenance.. Even though growth stops at the end of puberty, individuals keep on developing physically for the rest of their lives. The decline in body systems that people can experience in later lifespan is also part of physical development. Decline of body systems The body’s systems decline in function is a normal part of ageing. Most individual meet their physical peak in the early 20s to early 30s. After this point, most the systems – such as the muscular system, circulatory system and skeletal system – generally decline at a rate of about 0.5 to 2 per cent per year. Like all aspects of development, ageing happens to everyone. Most of the changes are predictable, but there will be individual variations in when they occur. This is due to a number of factors, including: Differences in rate and timing of development – due to genetic and hormonal differences, some individuals with start the ageing process at a younger age than others, and some will age at a faster rate. Behaviours – not smoking, eating a balanced diet and exercising can slow the rate of ageing. Test your knowledge: 1. Explain what is meant by ‘individual human development’. 2. Using examples, define physical development. 3. What does ‘increase in complexity’ mean? 4. List one example of a body part that increases in complexity. 5. Explain the difference between growth and development 6. Even though the ageing process begins in the 20s or 30s, why is it often not evident until much later in life?