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Human Biology Body Organization Human Body Plan • Levels of organization 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Chemical Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism Modern Biology Pages 904-908 Tissues of the Human Body • • • • Muscle Tissue Nervous Tissue Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Modern Biology Pages 904-908 Muscle Tissue • Three types – Smooth – Skeletal – Cardiac • Function – Movement – Heat production Modern Biology Pages 904-908 Nervous Tissue • Composed of neurons. • Functions – Creates impulses – Receives information – Sends information Modern Biology Pages 904-908 Epithelial Tissue • Covering tissue • Cells are tightly bound together. • 1 to many cells in thickness • Always connected to basement membrane. Modern Biology Pages 904-908 Epithelial Tissue • Simple – Single layer • Stratified – Many layers • Pseudostratified. – Looks like several layers but is just one. Modern Biology Pages 904-908 Epithelial Tissue • Squamous – Flat and scale like. • Cuboidal – Cube like in shape • Columnar – Long and narrow - column like in shape. Modern Biology Pages 904-908 Epithelial Tissue • Some types have cilia on surface of cells. • Other types secrete materials in glands. Modern Biology Pages 904-908 Organ Systems • Groups of organs specializing in certain functions. • Meaning of integration. Modern Biology Pages 907-908 – – – – – – – – – – – Cardiovascular Nervous Integumentary Reproductive Skeletal Muscular Respiratory Immune Endocrine Excretory Digestive Body Cavities • Anterior cavity – Thoracic – Abdominal – Diaphragm • Posterior cavity – Cranial – Spinal Wednesday 4/14/03 Pages 907-908 Skeletal System • Composed of 206 bones. • Human skeleton is an endoskeleton. • Advantages • Disadvantages Wednesday 4/14/03 Pages 907-908 Axial Vs Appendicular Skeleton • Axial skeleton – – – – Skull Vertebrae Sternum Ribs Wednesday 4/14/03 Pages 909-910 Axial Vs Appendicular Skeleton • Appendicular skeleton – – – – Pelvis Legs Scapula arms Wednesday 4/14/03 Pages 904-908 Functions of the Human Skeleton • • Bones provide area of attachment for muscles. Muscle must pull against bones to produce movement. Wednesday 4/14/03 Pages 909-910 Insertion Origin Functions of the Human Skeleton • Provides support for the body against effects of gravity. • All land animals must overcome the effects of gravity inorder to move. Wednesday 4/14/03 Pages 909-910 Functions of the Human Skeleton • • • Supports and protects vital organs Brain is completely enclosed by the bones of the skull Heart and lungs enclosed by vertebrae, ribs, and sternum. Wednesday 4/14/03 Pages 909-910 Functions of the Human Skeleton • • • • Stores minerals for entire body. – – Calcium Phosphorus Skeleton acts like a warehouse. Minerals are stored and minerals are released. All minerals are replaced over a few months time. Wednesday 4/14/03 Pages 909-910 Functions of the Human Skeleton • • • Produces blood cells. Blood is produced in the red bone marrow. Red marrow is found in the flat bones like the sternum, ribs and pelvis. Wednesday 4/14/03 Pages 909-910 Connective Tissue • Functions – Supports other tissues. – Connects other tissues • Cells are embedded in a matrix. – Matrix can be solid or liquid. Modern Biology Pages 906-907 Microscopic Structure of Bone Modern Biology Pages 910-911 Structure of Whole bone • Bones make up 20% of body’s mass. • Bones are living organs in the human body. • Bones need food oxygen, and need to get rid of wastes. • Circulatory system does this. Modern Biology Pages 910-911 Structure of Whole bone • Bones are surrounded by a periosteum. – – Tough protective outer membrane Blood supply enters through periosteum , Modern Biology Pages 910-911 Structure of Whole bone • • Compact bone – – – Dense Strong Primarily in shaft of bane Spongy bone – – Many holes makes spongy bone light Found primarily in the ends of the bones Modern Biology Pages 910-911 Compact Bone Spongy Bone Microscopic Structure of Bone • Bone is composed of many Haversian Systems. – At the center of each system is a Haversian Canal – Contains blood vessels and nerve. Modern Biology Pages 910-911 Microscopic Structure of Bone Modern Biology Pages 910-911 Microscopic Structure of Bone • Osteocytes are living bone cells. Modern Biology Pages 910-911 Microscopic Structure of Bone • Located in rings around the Haversian canal Modern Biology Pages 910-911 Microscopic Structure of Bone • Osteocytes pump minerals into and out of the bone Modern Biology Pages 910-911 Bone Development: Ossification • Starts as hyaline cartilage. Modern Biology Pages 910-911 Bone Development: Ossification • During third month of development osteocytes move into cartilage. Modern Biology Pages 911-914 Bone Development: Ossification • Osteocytes release minerals into the cartilage. Modern Biology Pages 911-914 Bone Development: Ossification • Ossification is the conversion of cartilage to bone. Modern Biology Pages 911-914 Bone Growth • Primary ossification is in shaft. • Secondary ossification is in the ends of the bone Modern Biology Pages 911-914 Bone Growth • Growth occurs at the epiphyseal plate Modern Biology Pages 911-914 Bone Growth Modern Biology Pages 911-914 Bone Growth Modern Biology Pages 911-914 Bone Growth Osteoblast Osteoclast Modern Biology Pages 911-914 What is Osteoporesis? Modern Biology Pages 911-914 Joint Structure • Human body has three types of joints – – – Semimovable Fixed Movable Modern Biology Pages 911-914 Joint Structure • Freely movable joints are called synovial joints. Modern Biology Pages 911-914 Structures of a Synovial Joint • • Freely movable joints are called synovial joints. Synovial joints are surrounded by a synovial capsule Modern Biology Pages 911-914 Structures of a Synovial Joint • Synovial fluid is the lubricant of the joint. Modern Biology Pages 911-914 Structures of a Synovial Joint • Synovial joints are lined with hyaline cartilage Modern Biology Pages 911-914 Structures of a Synovial Joint • The bones of the joint are connected by ligaments Modern Biology Pages 911-914 Structures of a Synovial Joint • The bones of the joint are connected by ligaments Modern Biology Pages 911-914 Synovial Joint Examples • Hinge joint – – Knee or elbow Moves in a single plane Modern Biology Pages 911-914 Synovial Joint Examples • Ball and socket joint – – Largest range of movement. Shoulder & hip Modern Biology Pages 911-914 What is Arthritis? Modern Biology Pages 911-914 Anterior Cruciate Tear Human Muscular System SVHS Lab Biology 2003-2004 The Muscular System • 1/3 of the body’s weight. • Causes movement of skeleton. • Pushes materials through the body • Makes 2/3 of the body’s heat Modern Biology Pages 917-918 Types of Muscle Tissue • Skeletal Muscle – – – – – Striated Voluntary Multinucleate Fast contracting Creates movement of the bones. Modern Biology Pages 915-918 Types of Muscle Tissue • Striated muscle cells have visible stripes. • Many nuclei are along sides of cell. Modern Biology Pages 915-918 Types of Muscle Tissue • Each muscle cell is called a fiber. • Many muscle cells are grouped into a fascicle. • Many fascicles make up a muscle. Modern Biology Pages 915-918 Types of Muscle Tissue • Cardiac muscle – Involuntary – Single nucleus – Found in the heart Modern Biology Pages 915-918 Types of Muscle Tissue • Smooth – Involuntary – Single nucleus per cell – Spindle shaped cells – Slow but powerful contractions – Found in the walls of internal organs. Modern Biology Pages 915-918 Types of Muscle Tissue • Cardiac muscle – Involuntary – Single nucleus – Found in the heart Modern Biology Pages 915-918 Myofibrils • Each muscle cell contains many myofibrils. Modern Biology Pages 919-920 Myofilaments • Each myofibril contains many thick protein filaments called myosin. • Each myofibril contains many thin filaments called actin. Modern Biology Pages 919-920 Structure of the Sarcomere • One contracting unit in a myofibril is called a sarcomere. • Actin connects to Z-Lines. • Actin and myosin overlap Modern Biology Pages 919-920 Structure of the Sarcomere • The length of the myosin is the A band • The distance between the actin is the H zone • The distance between the myosin is the I band Modern Biology Pages 919-920 Modern Biology Pages 919-920 Muscles and Bones Working Together • Muscles are attached to bone by tendons. • Attachment to stationary bone is the origin. • Attachment to the moving bone is the insertion. Modern Biology Pages 921-922 Muscles and Bones Working Together • Joints are composed of two bones and muscles. – Movement reducing the angle of the joint is flexion. – Movement increasing the angle of a joint is extension. Modern Biology Pages 921-922 What Must Happen To Make Muscle Contract 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Impulse reaches muscle cell. Impulse Moves into transverse tubules. Impulse reaches sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca++ is released. ATP is used. Actin & Myosin slide. Muscle contracts Modern Biology Pages 921-922 Energy For Muscle Contraction • Muscles use ATP for contraction. • ATP is broken down to ADP + P + energy. • ATP is stored in the muscle cell. • ATP is produced in the muscle cell. Modern Biology Pages 921-922 Sources of Energy For Muscle Contraction 1. Stored ATP in muscle (5-7 seconds) 2. Creatine phosphate (10 to 12 seconds) 3. Anaerobic respiration in cytoplasm of muscle cell. 4. Aerobic respiration in mitochondria. Modern Biology Pages 921-922 Building Up an Oxygen Debt • Occurs when muscles work at maximum rate but do not receive enough oxygen. • Anaerobic respiration results in lactic acid. • Lactic acid causes fatigue. Modern Biology Pages 921-922