Download What You Need to Know (For the Final)

What to Know for Your Diploma
Unit A: Living Systems Respond to the Environment
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Describe the structures of the heart and blood vessels (i.e. Ventricle, atria, septum, valves, aorta, vena cava,
pulmonary arteries and veins, coronary arteries and veins)
Describe the rhythmic contraction of the heart and its function (lub dub)
Describe the structure and function of blood vessels and the pathway or flow of blood through the body (including
arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venuoles and veins)
Describe the components of blood (i.e. plasms, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, antibodies, hemoglobin
and hormones) and the transportation of substances (i.e. nutrients, waste, gases, hormones) and distribution of
thermal energy
Describe the process of blood clotting
Explain the relationship between exercise, lifestyle, diet, gender and cardiovascular health by examining blood
pressure, heart rate and cholesterol
Be able to map blood flow though a mammalian heart
Describe how pathogens in the environment enter the circulatory system (parasites, bacteria, viruses)
Describe the first line of defense (skin, tears, stomach acid, cilia) play a role in preventing pathogens form entering
the body
Describe the immune response (completely) and describe how immunity develops
Explain how an autoimmune disease attacks the body (ex. Multiple sclerosis, arthritis, lupus)
Analyze how vaccines defend against disease
Describe how vaccinations are beneficial in controlling epidemics
Describe (in general) the behavior of chromosomes during mitosis, meiosis and fertilization (what is the purpose of
each and what happens to the chromosomes)
Using a Punnett square, explain the inheritance of single traits using the understanding of genes and dominance
Distinguish autosomal from sex linked genes (use examples)
Describe the structure of DNA by
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Identifying the structure of DNA as a double helix
b. Listing the essential components of DNA as nucleotides
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Identifying the base pairings between the strands (A and T, C and G)
Explain the process of DNA replication
Describe how an amino acid sequence of a polypeptide (protein) is determined by the sequence of DNA triplet code
(i.e. use the table of DNA triplets to match amino acids)
Describe the role of proteins in the human body (i.e. enzymes, structural molecules and a source of energy)
Describe how mutations in DNA affect the proteins produced, resulting in disease (i.e. sickle-cell anemia,
hemophilia, Huntington’s, cystic fibrosis)
Describe the types of mutations (frameshift vs point mutations)
Describe in general terms, genetic engineering and its applications to gene therapy and developing genetically
modified organisms
Describe the development of resistance in bacteria and viruses, based on the concepts of mutation, plasmid transfer,
transformation and natural selection
Assess the risks and benefits of genetic technology and the need for ethical considerations (i.e. stem cell research,
access to genetic screening, genetically modified organisms)
Interpret patterns and trends in data using Pedigree charts and determine trends with sex linked inheritance
Unit B: Chemistry and the Environment
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Define acids and bases in term of protons donors and acceptors and determine characteristics of strong and weak
acids, bases and molecular compounds based on appropriate diagnostic tests
Calculate concentrations based on experimental data including titration analysis
Describe the relationship between pH and hydronium ion concentration
Explain how a buffer maintains a relatively constant pH in living systems (i.e. the role of hydrogen carbonate ion in
the blood) and describe buffering capacity (in soil)
Trace the historical use of acid-base indicators to aboriginal methods
Outline the chemical reactions that produce air pollutants (combustion of fossil fuels producing sulfur dioxide and
nitrous oxides) that when combined with water ultimately create acid deposition
Describe the impacts on biotic and abiotic components of the environment caused by acid deposition (i.e. lowered
pH in water, accelerated corrosion, metal leaching, bioaccumulation)
Describe in general terms the use of acids and bases in industry (i.e. extraction of metals, fertilizer production, soap
making)
Identify and explain how human activities and natural events contribute to acid deposition
ID and name carbon compounds using IUPAC nomenclature that contain up to 3 carbon atoms in the parent chain
and a single functional group including simple halogenated hydrocarbon, alcohols, carboxylic acids or esters.
Describe the common uses of hydrocarbons, including halogenated hydrocarbons (CFCs), alcohols (ethanol as an
additive to gasoline), carboxylic acids (ethanoic acid in vinegar) and esters (ethyl ethanoate as nail polish remover)
Identify organic compounds commonly considered to be environmental pollutants (i.e. organic waste, CFCs, PCBs,
dioxins and furans)
List sources of and analyze the hazards posed by halogenated hydrocarbons and benzene deriatives
Identify and explain how human activities and natural events contribute to photochemical smog and the depletion
of the ozone layer (i.e. driving a car, agricultural practices)
Explain the mechanism and significance of biomagnification and
Describe the risks and benefits of using chemical processes that may produce products that have potential to harm
the environment
Describe technologies used to reduce the production and emission of chemical compounds that have the potential
to harm the environment (smelting, pesticide production, sweetening of sour gas, combustion engines)
Describe alternatives to the use of chemical technologies (i.e. biological controls for pests, biodegradable products)
Unit C: Electromagnetic Energy
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Describe and calculate strength of field around a mass (i.e. electric field, magnetic field, gravitational field) and
understand that if a mass is introduced into this region it will experience a force
Calculate field strength and attractive forces within a field (gravitational and electric field strength at a given
distance from a mass or point charge using equations)
Compare source, direction and strength of vector fields as determined by test objects
Describe the effect of a conductor moving through a magnetic field and introducing an electrical current
Describe the relationship for up to 3 resistors among power, current, voltage and resistance for both series and
parallel circuits using equations
Describe electrical energy in kilowatt hours and joules using equations
Distinguish between alternating current and direct current in terms of electron flow and electric field
Describe the operation of a transformer in terms of the relationship among current, voltage and number of turns in
the primary and secondary coils
Describe advantages of AC over DC for transmitting and using electrical energy
Compare the general design and function of a DC electric motor and generator (be able to label and describe how
they work)
Describe in terms of designs and electrical energy, the functioning of safety technologies like circuit fuses and
breakers, polarized plugs and ground wirings
Describe examples of technological devices based on electric current (i.e. lightbulbs, electrical devices and
electromagnets in the home and workplace) and their effect on everyday life (i.e. cost of energy)
Describe the range of the electromagnetic spectrum from long, low frequency radio waves through microwaves,
infrared rays, visible light and ultraviolet radiation to very short, high frequency waves such as Xrays and gamma
rays and compare in terms of source, frequency, wavelength, energy and effect on living tissue and properties of
these above EMRs
Recognize that the earth’s atmosphere absorbs certain frequencies of EMR
Investigate and describe reflection, refraction, diffraction and polarization of visible light
Investigate, use and describe the relationship of the variables in the universal wave equation
Explain the design of telescopes
Describe how a spectroscope can be used to determine the composition of stars and conditions to produce
emissions (bright line) and absorption (dark line) spectra in terms of light sources and temp
Describe technology used in star study
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Spectroscopes used to analyze the distribution of energy in a star’s continuous emission spectrum
b. Analyze shifts in the spectrum in terms of Red and Blue shift (Doppler effect)
Describe the evolution of stars and the existence of black holes, white dwarves and neutron stars
Explain the goal of technology is to provide solutions to practical problems (i.e. uses of EMR to solve medical
problems using MRIs, Xrays, laser surgery) and describe technologies developed to protect astronauts from highenergy radiation
Evaluate and select appropriate instruments, such as a prism, diffraction grating or spectroscope for problem
solving and observe and analyze the various spectra provided
Unit D: Energy and the Environment
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Compare energy consumption of contemporary society with that of traditional cultures
Compare Canada’s per-capita energy consumption with developed and developing nations and ID factors that affect
consumption (i.e. economy, lifestyle, level of technology, geography and climate)
Apply sustainable development to increasing efficient use of energy
Explain the need to develop technologies that use renewable and non-renewable energy in the home and to meet
increasing global demand
Describe the environmental impact of developing and using various energy sources (i.e. conventional oil, oil sands,
solar power, biomass, hydroelectricity, nuclear power and geothermal power, wind power)
Explain how Hess’s Law leads to the theoretical prediction of heat of combustion. Use the formula to calculate the
energy released in reactions
Describe the conversion of solar energy into renewable forms (i.e. wind, hydro, chemical potential energy by
photosynthesis) and non-renewable forms (i.e. coal, oil and gas) and further conversions into electrical and thermal
energy
Describe the functioning of renewable energy technologies and assess their advantages and disadvantages,
including active and passive solar heating technologies, wind turbines, hydroelectric power, biomass energy
hydrogen fuel cells
Explain the difference between fission and fusion and balance simple nuclear reactions to show the conversions of
nucleons
Describe and demonstrate radioactive decay including alpha, beta and gamma radiation
Describe mass energy changes in fission and fusion reactions and use E=mc 2
Describe the operation of a fission reactor (CANDU)
Compare and contrast coal or hydroelectric power stations with nuclear power stations, in terms of purpose,
process of energy conversions, design and function
Explain the source of tides, in terms of gravitational attraction and the relative motions of the sun, moon and Earth
Describe the energy transformations involved in converting tidal energy to electrical energy